The purpose of this document is to consolidate current Ohio information on integrated approaches to pest management. One of the intended results is to form a general working definition (practices) of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) on specific crops. Secondly, to develop a system of assessing how far along the IPM continuum growers are, and if their operation has adopted enough core practices to qualify them as IPM practitioners under these guidelines.

Growers should use this document and its six sub headings (Educational, Pre-plant, At-plant, In-season, Harvest, & Post-harvest) as a checklist of possible IPM practices. There is a point value associated with every IPM practice; the higher the number the more important the practice. Growers should only count the points of activities they perform on a crop. The goal is to accumulate 80% of the points in each of the six areas and / or 80% of the total points available, which is simply the sum of the scores from each section (comprehensive).

This document is intended to help growers identify areas in their production system that possess strong IPM qualities and also point out areas for improvement. Growers should attempt to incorporate the majority of these specific techniques into their usual production practices, especially in areas where they fall short of the 80% goal.

Major Pests of Radishes - Primary concerns are diseases, insects, and weeds

Diseases	Insects	Weeds
Damping off	Root maggot	Annual grasses
Powdery mildew	Flea beetles	Annual broadleaf weeds
Downy mildew	Aphids	Perennial weeds
Club Root	Wireworms
White Rust	Cutworms
Rhizoctonia	Imported cabbageworm
	Diamondback moth
	Cabbage looper

Educational IPM Considerations

Education	Activity	Points
	Join local or state grower associations that handle this commodity.	5
	Attend the Ohio Fruit and Vegetable Growers Congress annually to meet and exchange information with other growers. Attend current pest management informational / research presentations.	10
	Obtain the latest Ohio Vegetable Production Guide and other commodity specific reports / production guides.	10
	Gain access to e-mail or fax for weekly VegNet newsletter updates on disease, insect, and weed development, plus management options during the growing season.	10
	Implement an IPM practice currently not used on your farm on limited acreage and gauge its success.	10
	Research alternative markets that may encourage less pesticide use either through specific use reduction requirements (organic, eco-, IPM labels) or simply by permitting more insect feeding, etc.	10

Marginal adoption					Full adoption
0 pts			44 pts Goal		55 pts

Pre-plant IPM Considerations

Management	Activity	Points
Site	Select a properly rotated, well drained site.	15
	Maintain accurate records of planting dates, field locations, varieties, fertilizer and spray applications.	10
Fertility	Soil test; amend soil with fertilizer according to guidelines. Minimum desired soil pH is 5.2-5.6 on muck soils and 6.0-6.8 on mineral soils.	15
Weeds	Practice weed seed exclusion tactics such as high pressure washing machinery shared between farms.	15
	Buy certified seed and weed free soil mixtures; determine weed seed content of all seed and do not plant seed contaminated with weed seed not known to occur on your farm.	15
	Use site free of perennials such as quack grass, Johnson grass, Yellow nutsedge, or Canada thistle if possible.	15
	Use a combination of fall/spring tillage and fall/spring application of a broad spectrum herbicide to control established perennials or rotate with a herbicide resistant crop on which a broad spectrum herbicide was used.	15
	Apply pre-plant herbicides to control seedlings broad leaf weeds and annual grasses if necessary.	10
	Use stale seed bed technique.	10
Seed & Hybrid	Use fungicide treated seed.	15
	Select hybrids well adapted for your growing area with good tolerance or resistance to powdery mildew, downy mildew, club root, rhizoctonia, and white rust.	15
Equipment	Calibrate sprayer; check flow rates and nozzles for both herbicide and insecticide use. Select drift guard nozzles.	15

Marginal adoption					Full adoption
0 pts			132 pts Goal		165 pts

At-planting IPM Considerations

Management	Activity	Points
Weed	Apply pre-emerge herbicides to control seedling broad leaves and annual grasses up to 3 leaf stage.	15
Insect	Apply soil insecticides to control soil dwelling insects if detected in field.	10

Marginal adoption					Full adoption
0 pts			20 pts Goal		25 pts

In-season IPM Considerations

Management	Activity	Points
Insect	Scout for aphids and other pests weekly; use selective insecticide applications to control other minor insect pests.	15
Disease	Scout for fungal diseases later in the season, apply controls where necessary.	15
Weed	Consider using cultivation to control weeds.	10
	Use directed or shielded applications of post emerge herbicides to control emerged perennial weeds, broad leaves, or grasses.	10
	Update field weed maps, use to make treatment decisions next season.	15
	Watch for weeds that are not common or are new to the field, consider adopting a zero threshold for these weeds and physically remove them in order to prevent seed production.	15

Marginal adoption					Full adoption
0 pts			64 pts Goal		80 pts

Harvest IPM Considerations

Management	Activity	Points
	None described

Post-Harvest IPM Considerations

Management	Activity	Points
Site	Plow down residue as soon as possible after harvest to reduce weed residue, fungal inoculum, and insect over wintering locations.	15
Crop	Evaluate and identify successful practices, incorporate them into next years crop	10
Weed	Update field weed maps, use to make treatment decisions next season.	15
	Spot spray persistent perennial weeds.	15

Marginal adoption					Full adoption
0 pts			44 pts Goal		55 pts

Comprehensive IPM Score
(Add scores of previous 6 sections)

Marginal adoption					Full adoption
0 pts			304 pts Goal		380 pts

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