In This Issue:
Calendar
Wooly Apple Aphid (continuation)
Plant Tissue Analysis - Michigan State Univ.
Japanese Beetle
Ohio Farmers's Market Directory
Fruit Observations
Northern Ohio Apple Scab Activity - SkyBit Product
Northern Ohio Fire Blight Activity - SkyBit Product
Northern Ohio Sooty Blotch - SkyBit Product
Degree Day Accumulations/Phenology
July 25: Fruit Production Twilight Farm Meeting, Highwater Orchard, 2010 Lundys Lane, 8 mi. north of Granville, 5 PM till dark. Tom Harrison, ODA & Mike Ellis, OARDC will discuss status & risk management of the Plum Pox Virus in peaches. Bayer Corporation will supply a light supper and will highlight their products for fruit and pumpkin crop protection. From 7-9 PM participants will tour the farm and share ideas with Dr. Mac Reidel, OSU Plant Pathologist (reducing late summer disease pressure in pumpkins), Dr. Dick Funt (minimizing mistakes in small fruit irrigation), and Dr. Mike Ellis (managing disease in fruit crops in late summer and post harvest). Sponsored by OSU Extension, Licking County. Call for more information (740) 349-6900. Note: St. Rte. 661 north of Granville is closed; use an alternate route.
July 27: Apogee Twilight Meeting, in Wooster at OARDC Hort Unit 2, at 6 PM. Apogee is a new growth regulator that not only reduces growth, but also reduces the degree of fire blight infection. See the effect of this material on young Fuji and Golden Delicious trees. BASF will provide a lunch followed by a tour of the plots. In addition, there will be an opportunity to see the relative sensitivity to fire blight of a number of promising new apple cultivars. This will be an excellent opportunity to see first-hand the effects of this new management tool under a severe natural fire blight infection.
July 27-28: Ohio Berry Tour, Central Ohio. Learn more about growing & marketing berries. This drive yourself tour begins on Thursday at 2:30 pm at Rhoads Farm Market on SR 56 east of Circleville. Then head northwest to Circle S Farms located west of Grove City on London-Groveport Road. The tour offers dinner at Circle S Farm on Thursday evening, along with discussions with Dr. Dick Funt and Dr. Mike Ellis of OSU. Friday's tour begins at 9:00 AM at Schacht Farm Market on Shannon Road in Canal Winchester, and also includes stops at Doran's Farm Market on Babbitt Road outside of New Albany and Jacquemine Farms on Hyland-Croy Road near Plain City. Cost of the tour is $15 per person including dinner Thursday evening. For those not participating in the dinner meeting, the cost is $5 per person. Contact Berry Coordinator Sandy Kuhn at (800) 297-2027 or jwargows@ofbf.org for more information.
Cultural Control
Resistant varieties must be used to prevent underground infestations, as woolly apple aphid infestations on rootstocks cannot be controlled by insecticides. The Malling-Merton (MM) rootstock series provides resistance to woolly apple aphid attack. Some apple varieties such as Northern Spy are resistant to this pest.
Removal of suckers at the base of trees will create conditions that discourage development of woolly apple aphid populations in early-spring. Summer pruning of water sprouts also contributes to woolly apple aphid suppression.
Monitoring
Pruning cuts and water sprouts should be examined in late-spring and every few weeks throughout the summer for the presence of new colonies of woolly apple aphid. Specific action thresholds have not yet been developed.
Chemical Control
An insecticide can be applied if woolly apple aphid is detected at damaging levels on above-ground parts of trees. Insecticides are most effective if applied when the aphid is in the active crawler stage and is just moving up into the tree. This may occur in late-spring or not until mid-summer. Thorough coverage of the canopy is needed for insecticide to be effective. Because of the aphids' waxy covering, high volume application is needed to get thorough spray coverage. A second application may be needed two weeks after the first if aphids continue to be detected.
Insecticides used to control woolly apple aphid in commercial orchards are dimethoate (Cygon), endosulfan (Thiodan), or chlorpyriphos (Lorsban).
The most accurate measure of the nutritional health of most of our tree fruits is the concentration of nutrients in the plant tissue or foliage. Years of research have demonstrated that the fertilizer needs of an established fruit tree are best determined by tissue analysis.
July and early August is the best time to do leaf analysis. The Horticulture Department at MSU has offered a leaf analysis service to fruit growers since 1953. It is easy to take advantage of this service.
To collect a sample, select about 100 leaves that are fully expanded and are from the middle of this season's growth. Do not sample spur leaves or leaves damaged by insects, diseases, wind or machinery. Remove the leaves by pulling downward toward the base of the shoot so that the stem (petiole) remains on the leaf. The leaves should be collected from all sides of the tree.
It is typically more effective to sample one variety of fruit tree at a time. Place the leaves on a piece of newspaper for a few days to allow them to dry. Place the sample, along with the completed information form, in the sample bag.
Submit a check or money order made payable to "Michigan State University" with your samples. Cost of a leaf analysis for all of our major and many minor elements is $20 per sample. Routine analyses give results for N, P, K, C, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Growers may request a total analysis, an N analysis only, or all elements except N.
Send to:
MSU Soil Testing Laboratory
A81 Plant and Soil Science Building
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI 48824
Fruit crops for which recommendations are available include tree fruits, grapes, blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries. The Plant Tissue Analysis Information Sheet for submission is included in this newsletter.
DATE: ___________________________
GROWER NAME: ______________________________________________________
STREET ADDRESS: _______________________________________________________
CITY: _______________________ STATE: ____________ ZIP: ___________
PLANT AGE: _______________________
COUNTY: _______________________
VARIETY: _________________________________________
GROWER SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION: ___________________
(FIVE CHARACTER LIMIT PLEASE)
FRUIT CROP: ___________________________________
Analysis desired:
__________ Complete analysis with N
__________ Complete without N
__________ N Alone
SEND TO:
MSU SOIL & PLANT NUTRIENT LAB
A81 PLANT & SOIL SCIENCES BLDG
EAST LANSING, MI 48824-1325
Results are sent to MSU Extension District Horticultural Agent to be interpreted and forwarded to the customer.
FOR LAB USE ONLY:
LABORATORY ID: H_____________________________
PAID __________ Amount & CHK number _________________
CHARGE _______ Client ______________ County
K NUMBER: __________________________
Damage:
The adult beetles feed on leaves of a wide variety of trees and shrubs. Adults feed on the upper surface of foliage, chewing tissue between the veins and leaving a lace-like skeleton of the leaf. They usually feed in groups, starting at the top of a plant and working downward. The beetles are most active on warm, sunny days and prefer plants that are in direct sunlight. A single beetle does not eat much; it is group feeding by many beetles that results in severe damage. Trees that have been severely injured appear to have been scorched by fire. Japanese beetles will also feed on fruits that have been damaged by other insects.
Appearance:
Adult Japanese beetles are 3/8-inch-long, metallic green beetles with copper-brown wing covers. A row of white tufts of hair project from under the wing covers on each side of the body.
Life Cycle and Habits:
Japanese beetles overwinter underground in the grub stage and pupate near the soil surface in the spring. Grubs spend 10 months in the soil, where they feed on roots of grasses, and can be serious pests of turf. Adults emerge from the ground and begin feeding on various plants in June. Activity is most intense over a 4- to 6-week period beginning in late June. By mid-July, numbers of beetles gradually diminish. Individual beetles live about 30 to 45 days. There is a single generation per year. Orchard trees that may be severely attacked include apple, cherry, black cherry, peach, and plum.
Monitoring and Thresholds:
There are few threshold guidelines relative to when apples need to be treated for Japanese beetles. However, the first Japanese beetle colonizers in the early summer will attract others into the orchard, so early control can reduce later infestations. Japanese beetle traps are available that lure both male and female beetles into the trap. This trap is so effective at attracting beetles that it can actually increase both the number of beetles in the vicinity of the trap and the damage they cause. Despite the bad reputation the trap has earned because of its super-attractiveness, the trap is still effectively used if it is placed at some distance away from the orchard.
Chemical Control:
Carbaryl is the most effective insecticide used in managing Japanese beetles. However, because carbaryl can greatly increase problems with European red mites, other insecticides are recommended to manage low to moderate Japanese beetle populations in apples. Repeated insecticide applications may be necessary at 7- to 10-day intervals to prevent reinfestation during the adult flight period or after heavy rains. Use of a spreader/sticker in the spray mix can increase the duration of effectiveness.
The Ohio Department of Agriculture has an extensive new seventy-eight page directory of Ohio farm markets listed on their web site.
Site: Waterman Lab, Columbus (7/13-7/19)
Source: Dr. Celeste Welty, OSU Extension Entomologist
Traps used: STLM=wing traps, SJS=Pherocom-V, Others=Multipher-1® traps
| Apple | Peach |
| RBLR: 6 (up from 0) | OFM:17 (down from 27) |
| STLM: 636 (up from 459) | LPTB: 2.0 (up from 1.5) |
| DWB: 1.5 (up from 1.0) | PTB: 7.5 (up from 6.5) |
| SJS: 0 (unchanged) | |
| CM: 14.3 (up from 5.7) | |
| OBLR: 0 (unchanged) | |
| TABM: 0 (unchanged) | |
| VLR: 1 (up from 0) | |
| AM: 0 (unchanged) |
Orchard Observations: The second generation of codling moth is in the early stages, based on pheromone trap counts at Columbus that show an increase in adult codling moth in the past week. We can assume that eggs are being laid and young larvae will begin invading fruit within about 1 week.
Site: East District; Erie & Lorain Counties (7/13-7/19)
Source: Jim Mutchler, IPM Scout
Traps Used: STLM=wing traps, SJS=Pherocon-V, Others=Multipher® traps
| Apple | Peach |
| RBLR: 0.4 (down from 4.4) | OFM: 11.3 (up from 8.3) |
| CM: 1.6 (up from 0.8) | RBLR: 1.0 (down from 4.3) |
| SJS: 54.6 (down from 62.5) | LPTB: 7.3 (down from 19.3) |
| AM: 0.1 (down from 0.8) | PTB: 10.7 (up from 7.3) |
Other pests: blister spot, green apple aphid, Japanese beetle, oriental fruit moth strikes, fire blight, scab, powdery mildew
Beneficials at work: lacewing eggs, larvae, & adults, orange maggots, lady beetles, Stethorus punctum
Site: West District; Huron, Ottawa, & Sandusky (7/12-7/18)
Source: Gene Horner, IPM Scout
Traps Used: STLM=wing traps, SJS=Pherocon-V, Others=Multipher® traps
| Apple | Peach |
| RBLR: 0.8 (down from 10.5) | OFM: 8.8 (up from 7.8) |
| SJS: 8.2 (up from 0) | RBLR: 0 (down from 12.5) |
| CM: 0.4 (unchanged) | LPTB: 12 (down from 18) |
| AM: 0 | PTB: 3.3 (down from 4.8) |
Other pests: green apple aphid, potato leafhopper, Japanese beetle, apple rust mite, Japanese beetle damage
Beneficials at work: Lacewing eggs & adults, banded thrips, lady beetles, Stethorus punctum, black hunter thrips
Site: Wayne County (7/14-7/20)
Source: Ron Becker, Extension Program Assistant
Traps used: STLM=Wing traps, PC=Circle trunk trap,
Others=Multipher® traps
| Apple | ||||
| North | South | East | West | |
| RBLR: | 0.67 | 0 | 1 | 0 | STLM: | 1133 | 137.5 | 32 | 125.8 | CM: | 0.78 | 2.83 | 0.3 | 10.75 | PC: | 0 | 0 |
| Peach | |||
| North | South | West | OFM: | 1 | 54 | 51 | LPTB: | 0 | 3 | 0 | PTB: | 1 | 6 | 9.5 |
Orchard observations: Light aphid & red mite populations; leafminer damage & counts increasing.
| SkyBit based on observations: | July 3, 4 10, 11, 14-17; possible infection & damage |
| Based on Forecasts: | July 20-22; possible infection & damage |
North Central Ohio Spectrum Technologies Orchard Monitors for Apple Scab
Spectrum Technologies Monitors and Software* Observations: July 4, 11, 15; Medium Infection
(Software* based on Modified Mills Chart)
| SkyBit based observations: | July 3, 4, 9-11, 14-17; possible infection and damage |
| Based on Forecasts: | July 20-22, 25-27; possible infection & damage |
| SkyBit based observations: | July 4-19; possible infection and damage |
| Based on Forecasts: | July 20-27; possible infection & damage |
| Actual DD Accumulations
July 19, 2000 |
Forecasted Degree Day Accumulations
July 26, 2000 | |||||
| Location | Base 43° F | Base 50° F | Base 43° F | Normal | Base 50° F | Normal |
| Akron - Canton | 2167 | 1363 | 2374 | 2326 | 1520 | 1545 |
| Cincinnati | 2686 | 1799 | 2924 | 2971 | 1987 | 2062 |
| Cleveland | 2185 | 1398 | 2391 | 2270 | 1554 | 1507 |
| Columbus | 2635 | 1762 | 2854 | 2589 | 1932 | 1757 |
| Dayton | 2571 | 1702 | 2796 | 2651 | 1877 | 1819 |
| Mansfield | 2175 | 1381 | 2381 | 2302 | 1537 | 1528 |
| Norwalk | 2262 | 1465 | 2467 | 2263 | 1620 | 1511 |
| Toledo | 2257 | 1442 | 2464 | 2259 | 1599 | 1510 |
| Wooster | 2277 | 1454 | 2474 | 2200 | 1601 | 1435 |
| Youngstown | 2090 | 1291 | 2284 | 2144 | 1435 | 1395 |
Phenology
| Range of Degree Day Accumulations | ||
| Coming Events | Base 43 F | Base 50 F |
| Codling moth 2nd flight peak | 1587-3103 | 1061-2212 |
| Oriental fruit moth 2nd flight subsides | 1806-2783 | 1164-1963 |
| Redbanded leafroller 2nd flight subsides | 1927-3045 | 1291-2160 |
| San Jose scale 2nd flight peak | 1934-2591 | 1271-1874 |
| Spotted tentiform leafminer 3rd flight begins | 2215-2783 | 1558-2123 |
Ted W. Gastier
Extension Agent, Agriculture
Tree Fruit Team Coordinator
Ohio State University Extension Huron County
180 Milan Avenue
Norwalk, OH 44857
Phone: (419)668-8210
FAX: (419)663-4233
E-mail: gastier.1@osu.edu
Information presented above and where trade names are used, they are supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by Ohio State University Extension is implied. Although every attempt is made to produce information that is complete, timely, and accurate, the pesticide user bears responsibility of consulting the pesticide label and adhering to those directions.
All educational programs conducted by Ohio State University Extension are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender, age, disability or Vietnam-era veteran status.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Keith L. Smith, Director, Ohio State University Extension.
TDD # 1 (800) 589-8292 (Ohio only) or (614) 292-1868