In This Issue:
Calendar
Chemical Companies Consolidate
Reducing Fruit Damage
Testing for Apple Maturity
FQPA Status Report for OPs
Fly Speck and Sooty Blotch in Apples
Fruit Observations
Northern Ohio Sooty Blotch - SkyBit Product
Degree Day Accumulations/Phenology
August 21: Horticulture Field Night, 6:00 p.m. until dark. Southern State Community College (main campus), 200 Hobart Dr., U.S. Rte. 62 north of Hillsboro, Ohio. Come and view more than 500 research and demonstration plots and 12 different fruit and vegetable projects. Contact Brad Bergefurd at 1-800-860-7232 or Bergefurd.1@osu.edu.
February 19 to March 4, 2001: New Zealand Tour.
Dr. Peter Hirst, son of a New Zealand fruit grower and now the extension fruit specialist in Indiana will be leading a tour to New Zealand from Feb. 19 to March 4, 2001. Cost of the tour is $3000. More information regarding the tour can be obtained by calling Peter Hirst at 765-494-1323 or by E-mailing him at hirst@hort.purdue.edu.
Over the years many chemical companies have merged, been bought out, been spun off, or have consolidated. This has caused much confusion to nearly everyone in the fruit business. Several recent changes include: VALENT BioSciences Corp. was formed when the ag business of Abbott Labs was spun off. Syngenta formed when the ag businesses of Novartis and Zeneca were spun off. Aventis formed when AgrEvo and Rhone-Poulenc merged. BASF bought American Cyanamid. For a full picture of these changes, go to the web site developed by Arnold P. Appleby, Prof. Emeritus in the Crop Science Dept. at Oregon State University:
http://www.css.orst.edu/herbgnl/tree.html
A recent article in California Agriculture by I. T. Agar and E. J. Mitcham on handling and ripening Bartlett pears has reinforced the basics of reducing the damage to any fruit crop. Listed below are the 8 points brought out in the research:
1. Use gentler picking containers (padded buckets)
to reduce bruising and scuffing.
2. Keep plastic bins clean to reduce fruit scuffing.
3. Line wooden bins with plastic to significantly
reduce fruit scuffing.
4. Consider providing incentives to harvest crews to
minimize fruit damage.
5. Use air-ride suspension when transporting fruit
from orchards to packinghouse, especially when
travel is over rough roads.
6. Use immersion dumps with flotation salts to
minimize postharvest damage to pears.
7. Reduce damage from nonimmersion water dumps
by allowing fruit to move onto conveyors before
additional fruit is dumped.
8. Avoid dropping pears onto hard surfaces such as
hard plastic, wood, or supported belts that can be
damaging, especially at heights of 6 inches (about
15 cm) or greater. Minor modifications, such as
adding padding, curtains to slow fruit, and
suspended belts at fruit transfer points can
minimize damage due to drops and its effects on
fruit quality.
The Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide has information on reducing damage to fruit during harvesting and handling on pages 223 to 224. This information may also seen on the web at:
http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/part6/part62a.htm
The single best measure of determining apple maturity for storing apples is the starch pattern that develops in the fruit as the starch is broken down into sugars. Fruit firmness, soluble solids (sugar) levels, and skin color are all important factors in determining the eating quality and/or salability of apples, but they vary so much from year to year that they are not useful in determining maturity for storage. More details on harvest maturity can be found in the Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide (page 221) and on the web at: http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/part6/part61a.htm
A solution of iodine and potassium iodide is used to make the starch turn black, and this pattern is the basis for the test. Over the years charts have been developed for many varieties, but some charts went from 1 to 5 while others went from 1 to 7. There was much confusion, so the postharvest physiologists at Cornell University have developed a more universally accepted chart that is useful for all varieties. It is being used by researchers in over 20 states in the national apple variety testing program. Cornell has an excellent publication available to help you use the starch-iodine test and to develop an apple maturity program. The publication also contains a laminated starch iodine chart to aid in interpreting the tests. I strongly suggest that anyone seriously interested in harvesting high quality apples with good storage potential buy a copy of this publication. If you are in keeping quality then you should have a copy of this publication. Details on the publication are listed below:
Predicting Harvest Date Windows for Apples (1992) Information Bulletin 221. Full-color plates show how to use and interpret the starch-iodine test for determining maturity and the best harvest dates for quality; especially important for apples going into storage. Covers McIntosh, Cortland, Empire, Delicious, Mutsu/Crispin, and Idared; dates for other varieties can be interpreted from the information presented. This twenty page bulletin costs $5.50. The publication can be ordered from Cornell University by calling 607-255-2080 and using a Mastercard or VISA credit card.
Dr. George Chu, of the University of Guelph - Dept. of Plant Agriculture in Ontario has developed a publication on this test entitled: Starch-iodine test for determining maturity and harvest dates of Empire, Idared and Spartan apples (Factsheet No. 88-090.) This four page publication is available on the web at: http://www.gov.on.ca:80/OMAFRA/english/crops/facts/88-090.htm
For those wanting to make their own testing solution, Dr. Chu gives these instructions:
Preparing the Test Solution
Always use a freshly prepared solution at the beginning of every season. This solution is sensitive to light and should be stored in a dark container. A dark-colored bottle or a glass jar wrapped in aluminum foil will serve the purpose. Chemicals needed for this test are potassium iodide and iodine crystals. A pharmacist or a chemist can use the following recipe to make up the iodine solution.
Recipe
1. Dissolve 8.8 grams of potassium iodide in about
30 ml of warm water. Gently stir the solution
until potassium iodide is properly dissolved.
2. Add 2.2 grams of iodine crystals. Shake the
mixture until the crystals are thoroughly
dissolved.
3. Dilute this mixture with water to make 1.0 liter of
test solution. Mix them well.
Warning
Iodine is a very poisonous chemical. The iodine solution should be properly labeled and kept away from children and pets. Apples used in the test should not be fed to any animals or used in composting. In case of ingestion of either iodine or iodine-treated apples, induce vomiting and consult a physician immediately.
The only place that I know of where you can buy the iodine-potassium iodide solution is Cascade Analytical, 3019 GS Center Road, Wenatchee WA 98801. The phone number is 1-800-545-4206; the web site is: http://www.cascadeanalytical.com/
"The world is watching as 16 castaways eliminate each other one-by-one from a remote tropical island. . . tune in to all 13 episodes and experience island life with the castaways as they count down to the final Survivor." So says the web site for CBS's "Survivor" TV show, one of the latest entries into the real-TV genera. The concept of the show is to strand people on an island, and through a series of contests and votes, periodically vote a person off the island. The lucky "survivor" wins big money kind of a Gilligan's Island on steroids.
I don't need to watch TV to get true-life survival drama. The federal government's own version of Survivor, the Food Quality Protection Act, was created by Congress in 1996. FQPA changes the way Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reviews pesticides and sets tolerances for residues on food crops. Over the last several years, I've talked about potential impacts of FQPA -- cancellation of pesticides, dropping of minor / specialty uses, changes in reentry intervals, preharvest intervals, use rates, number of sprays, or formulations. We have reached the four-year anniversary of FQPA and many of these changes are happening.
The government version of Survivor is played out on EPA Island, also known as Washington, D.C. In the first episode of the show, the Island was populated with about 40 organophosphates (OPs for short). OPs aren't voted off the island. Instead, EPA conducts "preliminary risk assessments". The Agency identifies the hazard of each OP to humans, wildlife, and the environment. It also estimates exposure and safe dose for various groups of people, such as infants, children, workers, and pesticide applicators. The information for each pesticide is compiled in a preliminary document (preliminary because this is just the beginning of a six-step survival process for the pesticide). Some of these risk assessments are impressive. For instance, the malathion document printed off the EPA web site is a stack of single-sided pages 5 inches thick!
Choosing a survivor: the review process for organophosphates
Once a preliminary risk assessment is done, the pesticide goes through six steps, or phases of review, comment, and revision. For an individual OP, the entire review process can take a year or more.
Phase 1, review for errors: The U.S. Department of Agriculture and the manufacturer(s) of the OP review the preliminary risk assessment for errors, and comment back to EPA. Timeframe - 30 days.
Phase 2, corrections: EPA reviews the comments and, if necessary, make corrections to the risk assessment. Timeframe - 30 days.
Phase 3, public comment: The risk assessment is released to the public, which means you. The announcement is made in the Federal Register and published on the EPA web site. Anyone can get a copy of the risk assessment, review it, and send comments directly to EPA at this URL: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/status.htm
For example, a commodity group could provide data on the actual use rate of an OP on a crop. Timeframe - generally 60 days.
Phase 4, revision: EPA reviews the public comments, gathers additional data, and holds public meetings / technical briefings. The risk assessment is revised and resubmitted to USDA for review. Timeframe - up to 90 days.
Phase 5, risk management: The revised risk
assessment goes back to the public. By this time,
EPA's concerns with a particular OP are clear. In
phase 5, EPA collects ideas about how to mitigate the
identified risks. (In other words, solve or reduce the
problems with the use of the product.)
Timeframe - 60 days.
Phase 6, final risk management strategies: In this final phase, EPA considers the comments and information gathered in Phase 5 and it makes an ultimate decision about the OP.
When an OP gets to Phase 6, its fate is determined. If an OP poses little risk, has low exposure, and low toxicity, it generally faces no or few label changes. These are the true survivors.
Other OPs have had problems in the risk assessment process, problems which are being solved by requiring the manufacturer to change the formulation, packaging, use rate, application guidelines, preharvest intervals, and/or protective clothing requirements. These OPs are beaten and bloodied, but survive to fight another day.
Finally, there are OPs identified as having numerous concerns. These are essentially banished from EPA Island, i.e., all or most uses will be cancelled.
The survival status of important OPs
So after four years, how are the contestants faring? Below, I list important OPs used in Michigan and give current information on their status in the FQPA "Survivor" process. The majority of OPs are through Phase 5 in the review process. But most are now in limbo, awaiting action from EPA and the pesticide manufacturer. With an election approaching, decisions are expected soon. The bottom line is that for the next field season, be aware that for OP survivors, information on the label may change - sites/crops deleted, rates reduced, reentry or pre-harvest intervals increased, or PPE added. Non-surviving OPs will be phased out, so existing stocks must be used in a prescribed manner. If you have access to the Internet, you can follow the OP assessment process at: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/status.htm
On EPA Island, there is never a dull moment. HAPPY 4th ANNIVERSARY, FQPA on August 3, 2000.
Status of some OPs in the FQPA review process (August 2000):
acephate (Orthene)
Uses: field, fruit, and vegetable crops such as
celery, lettuce, lima/snap beans, cranberry, and mint;
ornamentals; home lawn, turf, golf course; interior
pest control.
Status: Phase 5 completed in April, 2000.
Concerns: high infant exposure from surface
drinking water; high risk to workers in turf, floral,
trees, shrubs, and roses, even at the highest level of
protection feasible; risks to children from residential
applications; inadequate reentry intervals for some
crops; high toxicity to bees, beneficial insects, birds,
freshwater invertebrates.
azinphos-methyl (Guthion)
Uses: Fruit and vegetable crops; cotton;
ornamentals
Status: Risk assessment process complete.
EPA's decision about Guthion was announced in
August 1999.
Concerns: exposure risk to agricultural
workers; unacceptable dietary risk to small children.
Actions: EPA will increase reentry intervals
for workers; require closed mixing/loading systems,
require applications be made with closed cabs; reduce
use and tolerances of Guthion on apples, pears, and
several other fruits; establish maximum seasonal use
rates and increase the preharvest intervals on certain
crops; cancel uses on cotton in the east, sugarcane,
shade trees, forest trees, and Christmas trees. AZM
production in U.S. will be capped.
bensulide (Betasan, Bensumec, Pre-san in turf;
Prefar in vegetables)
Uses: pre-emergence herbicide in turf; annual
grass herbicide in a variety of vegetable crops,
including broccoli, cucumbers, lettuce, and melons.
Status: Phase 5 completed in August 1999.
Concerns: exposure from residential lawn
uses; drinking water risk from turf uses/ run-off; risk
to birds, especially turf uses.Ohio Fruit ICM News
chlorethoxyfos (Fortress)
Uses: soil insecticide for use on corn
Status: Phase 5 complete.
Concerns: Few/none. Low dietary, drinking
water, occupational, or aggregate risks.
Actions: None expected.
chlorpyrifos (Dursban and Lorsban)
Uses: Field, fruit, vegetable crops;
ornamentals; lawn and turf; termite and mosquito
control; indoor pest control; livestock eartags.
Status: Technical briefing was held June 8,
2000, detailing an agreement between EPA and the six
manufacturers of chlorpyrifos.
Concerns: human exposure from indoor and
outdoor residential applications; concerns about
termiticide applications; concern for current reentry
intervals in some crops; toxicity bees and aquatic
organisms.
Actions taken: EPA will cancel use on
tomatoes and restrict use on apples; lower tolerance
(limits) for residues on apples and grapes; eliminate
all indoor and outdoor homeowner uses, as well as
other non-residential areas where kids may be exposed
(for example, school or parks); reduce use rates in
other non-residential sites, such as golf courses;
eliminate or phase out termite uses.
Lorsban 4E will become Restricted Use.
Chlorpyrifos manufacturers may propose lower
application rates, lower frequencies of treatment, and
longer preharvest intervals for some ag uses in the
future.
chlorpyrifos-methyl (Reldan)
Use: stored grain treatment
Status: Phase 5 underway
Concerns: lack of neurotoxicology data, i.e.
how CPM affects the nervous system, especially of
young animals.
Action taken: EPA requested additional
neurological testing data on CPM. As a result of the
high cost of these tests, the registrant (Dow
AgroSciences) requested cancellation of the product.
Special Note: EPA and Dow are discussing
the phase-out process and alternatives to CPM. For
now, Reldan can still be used on stored barley, oats,
rice, sorghum, and wheat.
diazinon (Diazinon)
Uses: Many crops; ornamental and turf;
indoor pest control.
Status: Phase 3 ended in July 2000. A
technical briefing is scheduled for fall.
Concerns: exposure, especially to small
children, through surface drinking water; toddler
exposure following lawn and indoor applications;
handler, applicator, mixer, and loader exposure;
exposure for workers reentering treated fields and
greenhouses; non-ag uses significantly affect ground
and surface water; toxicity to birds, fish, mammals,
and aquatic animals.
Actions taken: Manufacturer requested
cancellation of some uses, including alfalfa, cowpea,
dry beans, and sorghum.
Special note: EPA is concerned that as
homeowner uses of chlorpyrifos (Dursban) are
eliminated, use of diazinon may increase. This may
impact the eventual decision about diazinon.
dimethoate (Dimethoate, Dimate)
Uses: fruit and field crops (especially vs.
potato leafhopper); ornamentals; non-ag uses.
Status: Phase 5, completed February 2000.
Concerns: May pose a risk to mixers, loaders,
and workers under some circumstances. High bee
toxicity.
Action taken: Residential and several other
non-ag uses will not be continued by the registrant.
disulfoton (Di-Syston)
Uses: Field, fruit, and vegetable crops
(particularly asparagus); ornamentals; Christmas trees.
Status: Phase 5, public comment period for
risk management, completed in May 2000. Currently
awaiting action from EPA.
Concerns: while dietary (food) exposure is not
a concern, the combination of food + drinking water
exposure concerns EPA; exposure of people through
residential uses; high risk to mixers/loaders/
applicators even at the maximum protective clothing
and engineering controls; significant number of
occupational (work-related) poisonings; high risk to
birds, mammals, and aquatic organisms.
Special note: The manufacturer of disulfoton,
Bayer Corporation, has proposed cancellation of
Di-Syston Systemic Insecticide for Vegetables and
label changes for other Di-Syston products. These
changes include label deletions (corn, oats, pecans,
tomatoes) and rate reductions in many other crops.
ethoprop (Mocap)
Uses: insecticide/ nematicide in field and
vegetable crops (especially potatoes); ornamentals;
golf turf.
Status: Phase 5 completed November 1999.
Concerns: Classified as a "likely" carcinogen;
exposure of golfers and workers; high ecological risks
= slow breakdown, high water solubility, fish kills,
and risks to wildlife.
Action taken: Registrant may conduct
additional studies.
fenamiphos (Nemacur)
Uses: insectide/nematicide on crops.
Status: Phase 5 completed November 1999.
Concerns: High persistence and mobility in
water, thus high drinking water risk. High risk to
animals.
Actions taken: Groundwater monitoring
studies underway.
isofenphos (Oftanol)
Uses: lawn and golf turf; ornamentals and
shrubs.
Actions taken: Voluntarily cancelled by the
registrant. Existing stocks in the hands of dealers and
end-users can be used up.
Status: Did not go through the OP review
process. Isofenphos was scheduled for reregistration
in 1999. At that time, the registrant decided not to
support the reregistration of the product, and an OP
review under FQPA was not needed.
malathion (Malathion)
Uses: Field, fruit, and vegetable crops; stored
grain.
Status: As of May 2000, in Phase 3, public
comment on the preliminary risk assessment
Concerns: EPA wants to reclassify malathion
as a "suggestive carcinogen" based on animal tests,
but this data has been disputed it is unclear if
malathion will be reclassified in the future. Risks of
applicator and handler exposure; exposure of workers
reentering some treated crops; toxicity to aquatic
organisms, some birds, bees, and beneficial insects.
Action taken: The manufacturer has informed
EPA that it will not support the following uses: pet,
livestock, indoor, greenhouse, open-forest, seed
treatments, cranberry, soybean, sugarbeet, sunflower,
and several nuts. These uses were not considered in
the risk assessment, and will likely be cancelled.
methidathion (Supracide)
Uses: fruit and vegetables crops; alfalfa grown
for seed; ornamentals.
Status: Phase 5 completed February 2000.
Concerns: High risk to workers; inadequate
reentry intervals in some crops; serious risks to
"ecosystems" where the product is used.
methamidophos (Monitor)
Uses: potatoes, tomatoes, and several
imported crops grown outside the U.S.
Status: Phase 5 completed in April 2000.
Concerns: extreme toxicity to humans; high
total food residue (methamidophos + acephate see
note below); high exposure for some mixing/loading
scenarios; current re-entry intervals are not adequate;
high risks to bees, birds, aquatic animals, mammals.
Special note: In the risk assessment process,
methamidophos is linked to another organophosphate,
acephate (Orthene). Acephate breaks down into
methamidophos, and this residue is counted towards
the methamidophos risk.
methyl parathion (Penncap M)
Uses: Field, fruit, vegetable crops;
ornamentals, nursery, seed grasses; mosquito control;
roadsides.
Status: Risk assessment process complete.
EPA's decisions about the pesticide were announced
in the fall of 1999.
Concerns: acute dietary risk to children;
exposure risk to agricultural handlers, applicators and
workers; high toxicity to bees, birds, and aquatic
organisms.
Action taken: Many food and non-food uses
cancelled, including most fruits and vegetables,
flowering plants, ornamentals, and nursery stock.
naled
Uses: mosquito and blackfly control; pet flea
collars; greenhouse; a few crops.
Status: Phase 5 completed December 1999.
Concerns: Few identified. Food residues not
a major concern, and most exposure estimates are
within safety margins.
oxydemeton-methyl (Metasystox-R)
Uses: Field crops (i.e., mint and sugarbeet),
non-bearing fruit, vegetables; ornamentals and shrubs;
nut, shade, and Christmas trees.
Status: Phase 5 completed February 2000.
Concerns: mixer, loader, applicator exposure
risk; inadequate reentry intervals; bird, mammal, and
bee toxicity.
Action taken: Registrant will submit further
oral human studies in the near future.
phorate (Phorate, Thimet)
Uses: soil insecticide used on field crops (for
ex., corn and dry beans)
Status: Phase 5 completed Nov. 1999.
Concerns: Dietary exposure is not a concern,
but aggregate exposure (food + water) is; risks to
aerial applicators; high number of "occupational
incidents" (i.e. accidental poisonings); high risk to
birds (poisoning incidents have been reported) and
aquatic organisms.
Phosmet (Imidan)
Uses: Field, fruit, vegetable crops; cotton;
ornamentals; forestry; livestock and pets.
Status: Phase 5 is complete as of May.
Concerns: exposure of toddlers to phosmet
residues from residential uses; exposure during
mixing and loading for certain types of applications to
fruit/nut trees, field and vegetable crops, grapes,
ornamentals and forestry; concern for current reentry
intervals in many crops; high toxicity to bees.
pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic)
Uses: stored grain insecticide used on corn
and sorghum; cattle eartags; iris bulbs.
Status: Phase 5 completed May 2000
Concerns: exposure of workers from mixing
and applying top-dress treatments.
tebupirimfos (Aztec)
Use: soil insecticide for use on corn
Status: Phase 5 completed July 2000
Concerns: Few. EPA has some concern for
dermal exposure of loaders and applicators under
current label PPE requirements.
temephos (Abate)
Uses: control of mosquito larvae in ponds,
swamps, marshes, inter-tidal zones, tire piles, other
areas; important in mosquito resistance management.
Status: Phase 5 completed December, 1999
Concerns: worker and applicator exposure, in
some scenarios even under maximum engineering
controls; ecological risk to aquatic organisms due to
direct application to water.
Special note: Under FQPA, there are benefit
considerations for pesticides with public health uses.
Risk of temephos use may be balanced by its benefit
in controlling a biting insect that is a disease vector.
terbufos (Counter)
Uses: Soil insecticide used on beets and corn.
Status: Phase 5 completed November 1999
Concerns: one of the most toxic OPs to
humans; acute dietary risk is "barely below EPA's
level of concern" and drinking water concern is high
thus aggregate risk (diet + water) is a problem; high
risk to birds and mammals; many fish kills reported.
trichlorfon (Dylox)
Uses: home lawns and golf turf; ornamentals
and nurseries; ag farm building premises
Status: Phase 5 completed June, 2000
Concerns: risk of exposure to children and
adults from lawn applications; exposure risk to
applicators and handlers making applications to lawn/
turf and ponds, and workers reentering nurseries;
aggregate risk (diet + non-diet) is a concern.
Status of non-OP pesticide of interest:
chlorothalonil (Bravo, Daconil, Manicure, others)
Uses: widely used fungicide (fruit, vegetables,
field crops, turf, ornamentals, trees, paint additive)
Status: Not in official FQPA review process,
but underwent reregistration using new FQPA
guidelines; decision published in April 1999.
Concerns identified in the reregistration
decision: Toxicity to aquatic invertebrates and fish;
high handler, worker, and/or homeowner exposure to
chlorothalonil; cancer risk to kids exposed via lawn
applications. Chlorothalonil is also classified as a B2
carcinogen.
Action taken: reduce application rates in many
crops; require untreated buffer strips between crop and
waterways; require closed handling systems or
packaging in water soluble bags; add requirements for
additional protective equipment to wear during
application; delete over-the-counter and in-container
paint additive uses; delete all home lawn uses.
Weather conditions present this summer may be encouraging development of fly speck and sooty blotch.
Both diseases are favored by temperatures between 65° and 80° F and by very high humidity (greater than 90% relative humidity for sooty blotch and greater than 95% relative humidity for fly speck.) Conditions such as these are most frequent when night time temperatures remain above 65 to 70 F during the summer, or during extended warm, rainy periods. Sooty blotch and fly speck symptoms can develop within 14 days from infection under ideal conditions, but symptom development is arrested by high temperatures and low relative humidity. Thus the period between infection and symptom development ranges from 25 to more than 60 days. Sooty blotch and fly speck infections not yet visible at harvest can develop during cold storage.
Bottom line for sooty blotch and fly speck control:
Site: Waterman Lab, Columbus (8/3-8/9)
Source: Dr. Celeste Welty, OSU Extension Entomologist
Traps used: STLM=wing traps, SJS=Pherocom-V, Others=Multipher-1® traps
| Apple | Peach |
| RBLR: 27 (up from 14) | OFM: 31 (down from 38) |
| STLM: 82 (down from 294) | LPTB: 2.0 (up from 1) |
| DWB: 1.0 (up from 0.5) | PTB: 8.5 (down from 9) |
| SJS: 0 (unchanged) | |
| CM: 10.7 (down from 15.7) | |
| OBLR: 0 (unchanged) | |
| TABM: 0 (down from 1) | |
| VLR: 7 (up from 1) | |
| AM: 1.7 (up from 0.3) |
Site: East District; Erie & Lorain Counties (8/2-8/6)
Source: Jim Mutchler, IPM Scout
Traps Used: STLM=wing traps, SJS=Pherocon-V, Others=Multipher® traps
| Apple | Peach |
| RBLR: 4.9 (up from 1.4) | OFM: 3.3 (down from 11) |
| CM: 10.2 (up from 4.5) | RBLR: 9.0 (up from 2) |
| SJS: 75 (down from 201) | LPTB: 15.7 (up from 12.0) |
| AM: 1.4 (down from 3.3) | PTB: 12.3 (down from 14) |
Other pests: green apple aphid, Japanese beetle, scab, blister spot, OBLR and OFM damage
Beneficials at work: lacewing eggs, larvae, & adults, orange maggots, predatory mites, Stethorus punctum, and other lady beetles
Site: West District; Huron, Ottawa, & Sandusky (8/2-8/8)
Source: Gene Horner, IPM Scout
Traps Used: STLM=wing traps, SJS=Pherocon-V, Others=Multipher® traps
| Apple | Peach |
| RBLR: 18.8 (up from 6.3) | OFM: 3.0 (down from 6.3) |
| SJS: 4.2 (down from 9.2) | RBLR: 7.0 (down from 9.8) |
| CM: 1.7 (up from 1.4) | LPTB: 28.3 (down from 29.3) |
| AM: 0.7 (unchanged) | PTB: 3.0 (down from 4.5) |
| PC: 0 (unchanged) | |
| OBLR: 2.0 (up from 0.7) |
Other pests: green apple aphid, potato leafhopper, Japanese beetle, two-spotted spider mite, green peach aphid
Beneficials at work: Green lacewing eggs & adults, banded thrips, lady beetles, brown lacewing adults, predator mites, Stethorus punctum
Site: Wayne County (8/3-8/9)
Source: Ron Becker, Extension Program Assistant
Traps used: STLM=Wing traps, PC=Circle trunk trap,
Others=Multipher® traps
| Apple | ||||
| North | South | East | West | |
| RBLR: | 4.7 | 33 | 40 | 8.8 | STLM: | 687 | 100 | 30 | 448 | CM: | 8.6 | 10.8 | 6.7 | 34.8 | PC: | 0.8 | 0.2 | 7.7 | 0.3 |
| Peach | |||
| North | South | West | OFM: | 4 | 21 | 65 | LPTB: | 0 | 0 | 0 | PTB: | 1 | 0 | 10.5 |
All blocks over threshold for CM, AM over threshold in one block. ERM populations increasing in peach orchards. Heavy winds in weekend storms have fallen peach trees in several orchards. Japanese beetle damage is less than last week.
Beneficials at work: brown and green lacewings adults and larvae, hover flies, lady beetles, minute pirate bug
| SkyBit based observations: | August 1-10; possible infection and damage |
| Based on Forecasts: | August 11-18; possible infection & damage |
| Actual DD Accumulations
August 2, 2000 |
Forecasted Degree Day Accumulations
August 9, 2000 | |||||
| Location | Base 43° F | Base 50° F | Base 43° F | Normal | Base 50° F | Normal |
| Akron - Canton | 2720 | 1770 | 2924 | 2953 | 1921 | 2014 |
| Cincinnati | 3296 | 2262 | 3532 | 3697 | 2446 | 2630 |
| Cleveland | 2723 | 1788 | 2927 | 2898 | 1939 | 1974 |
| Columbus | 3259 | 2239 | 3475 | 3256 | 2403 | 2265 |
| Dayton | 3181 | 2164 | 3401 | 3329 | 2332 | 2339 |
| Mansfield | 2735 | 1793 | 2938 | 2927 | 1943 | 1994 |
| Norwalk | 2796 | 1857 | 2997 | 2882 | 2006 | 1972 |
| Toledo | 2850 | 1888 | 3050 | 2878 | 2036 | 1971 |
| Wooster | 2851 | 1881 | 3044 | 2796 | 2022 | 1873 |
| Youngstown | 2630 | 1683 | 2822 | 2734 | 1823 | 1827 |
Phenology
| Range of Degree Day Accumulations | ||
| Coming Events | Base 43 F | Base 50 F |
| Oriental fruit moth 3rd flight peak | 2389-3267 | 1712-2326 |
| Redbanded leafroller 3rd flight begins | 2389-3113 | 1722-2209 |
| Spotted tentiform leafminer 3rd flight peak | 2415-3142 | 1728-2231 |
| San Jose scale 2nd flight subsides | 2494-3257 | 1662-2302 |
| Obliquebanded leafroller 2nd flight peak | 2634-3267 | 1789-2231 |
| Apple maggot flight subsides | 2764-3656 | 1904-2573 |
| Lesser peachtree borer flight subsiding | 2782-3474 | 1796-2513 |
| Codling moth 2nd flight subsides | 2782-3693 | 1796-2635 |
Thanks to Scaffolds Fruit Journal (Art Agnello)
Ted W. Gastier
Extension Agent, Agriculture
Tree Fruit Team Coordinator
Ohio State University Extension Huron County
180 Milan Avenue
Norwalk, OH 44857
Phone: (419)668-8210
FAX: (419)663-4233
E-mail: gastier.1@osu.edu
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Keith L. Smith, Associate Vice President for Ag. Adm. and Director,
OSU Extension.
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