In This Issue:
Calendar
2003 Spray Guides Now Available
Ohio Fruit ICM News in pdf
Fire Blight Management
Collar Rot of Apple
Powdery Mildew of Apple
Peach Leaf Curl Management
Raspberry Anthracnose
Pruning Brambles
Pruning Blueberries
Tribute to Glenn O. Schwab
Apple Scab Preventive Programs Essential
Peach Bacterial Spot Management Part I
Spray Water Quality
2003 Pesticide Container Recycling
Degree Day Accumulations
Fruit Tree Phenology
Fruit Observations & Trap Reports
Preliminary Ohio Climatolgical March Report
The Commercial Tree Fruit Spray Guide for Ohio and the Midwest online at: http://www.extension.iastate.edu/pubs/PM1282/CTFSPBODY.pdf
The Michigan State University 2003 Fruit Management Guide (formerly known as the Fruit Spraying Calendar) is now available at: http://www.msue.msu.edu/epub/pestpubs/E154/
Dormant copper sprays are most beneficial in those years following severe fire blight. If you do feel copper sprays are needed, we suggest you apply copper to the entire orchard block, including non-susceptible cultivars. The reason for treating non-susceptible cultivars is that even normally fire blight "resistant" trees like Red Delicious can be colonized by the bacteria and serve as a source of infection during bloom. If copper sulfate (4 pounds per 100 gallons) is used, be sure to apply it when trees are dormant. If applied late it may burn leaf tissue. Also, do not apply copper sulfate with oil; apply copper sulfate and dormant oil as separate sprays spaced at least 10 days apart. If copper sulfate is applied under poor drying conditions or later than silver tip, plant injury can result. An alternative to copper sulfate are the fixed coppers such as Kocide and C-O-C-S; most fixed coppers do not have the compatibility problems of copper sulfate and can be tank mixed with early season oil sprays.
Remember, however, that even fixed coppers, if applied after half-inch green, can cause fruit russetting in years when there is not enough rain to remove the copper residues before tight cluster. Note: when using copper sprays, growers must read the individual product label to ensure compliance with label restrictions.
Think back to late last summer. Did trees in your orchard show premature leaf reddening, sparse, yellow foliage, and many small, highly colored fruit? Such symptoms, if accompanied by a canker (localized discolored tissue) at or just below ground level, are evidence of possible collar rot, caused by the soil-borne fungus, Phytophthora. If collar rot is suspected, we advise the use of Ridomil Gold EC or Aliette 80WDG. We especially recommend these fungicides in those areas having poor drainage and heavy, clay-type soil. Be sure to treat surrounding healthy appearing trees, not just trees already showing severe symptoms of collar rot. Both these fungicides are best used to prevent collar rot, not cure it. See ID-168, 2003 Indiana Commercial Tree Fruit Spray Guide, for further information.
The Pathologist's Almanac states: after a very cold winter there will be very little powdery mildew on apple; however, after a very mild winter powdery mildew may be severe. The reasoning behind this prediction is that mildew infected apple buds are much more apt to be killed off by severe cold. I'll let you decide how severe the winter cold was. However, if you do have mildew prone cultivars it might be wise to use a fungicide that will also control mildew in your early scab sprays. Nova and Rubigan are excellent for scab, powdery mildew and rust control.
Peach trees need all the help they can get, and that includes a spray for control of peach leaf curl. If you have not yet sprayed for leaf curl get on your tractor and spray the first chance you get; however, if peach trees are at, or past bud swell, you're too late. If you always seem to be too late, consider applying your leaf curl spray at leaf fall this autumn. Then you won't have to worry about spraying in spring.
The most important spray you will apply this season for control of anthracnose on brambles is the delayed dormant spray of lime sulfur. Don't forget it!! Liquid lime-sulfur at 20 gallons per acre should be applied when new leaves are exposed 1/4 to 3/4 inches; if you are late in your application and don't spray until a few leaves have unfolded, cut the rate to 10 gallons per acre. Note: There is greater risk of lime-sulfur burn, when applied at this later time.
This is a good time to finish pruning summer-bearing brambles. Last year's fruited canes should be removed now if they were not removed last summer or fall. Remove weak or spindly floricanes and thin to 4-6 canes per foot of row. Laterals on blackberries and black and purple raspberries should be trimmed back to about 2/3 to 3/4 of their original length to promote flowering on strong wood. Red raspberry canes can be tipped if desired, but should not be tipped more than 1/4 of the cane length. If the planting is trellised, the canes should be tied to the wires now before growth starts. Fall bearing types should be mowed to the ground before growth begins for a fall-only harvest, or remove the fruited tips if a summer and fall harvest is desired. Remove and destroy the prunings to help prevent anthracnose and botrytis.
Spring is the best time to prune blueberries. Winter injured wood is easily identified and should be removed. Try to establish an even number of canes of various age classes. A well-pruned blueberry bush should have about 15-25 canes (depending on age, cultivar and growth habit) with approximately 1/3 in the 5-7 year-old class, 1/3 in the 2-4 year-old class, and 1/3 new canes for renewal. Pruning should open the center of the bush to encourage new cane growth, and promote an upright growth habit by removing low, drooping branches. Detailed pruning to remove weak growth in the tops of the canes will reduce the number of fruit and improve fruit size.
Dr. Glenn O. Schwab, Professor Emeritus, at
The Ohio State University died March 12, 2003. He
was a faculty member in the Agricultural Engineering
Department, College of Agriculture, at Ohio State
University from 1956 to 1985. Glenn taught several
courses and authored or co-authored four textbooks on
Soil and Water Conservation and Management. He
was a recognized worldwide expert on soils and water
conservation and drainage. He assisted in the
establishment of a University in India. As a recipient
of a Fulbright Award, he studied and taught in New
Zealand, Pakistan, Nigeria, Yugoslavia, and other
countries. He was inducted into the OSU Overholt
International Drainage Hall of Fame and was elected as
a fellow of the American Society of Agricultural
Engineers. He was a Veteran of World War II. His
wife, children, and grandchildren survive him.
Glenn assisted in a nine-year study of tile
drainage and raised bed systems for peaches at the
OSU Overlook Farm. This project was a turning point
for recommendations for soil-water management of
fruit crops. This project supported information from
Canada that indicated increased tree survival and
greater profits for Ohio peach growers over the life of
the orchard.
Glenn was a quiet, polite, and patient
individual who always carried a respectful smile and
warm handshake. He made an outstanding contribution
to the two most valuable resources, water and soil. He
made those contributions to the citizens of the US and
to many less fortunate communities in the world. Ohio
fruit growers have lost a very valuable partner, but we
have his knowledge, respect, and outstanding
contributions, which have added much to our lives and
those of our children. Because of Glenn, we at Ohio
State have a legacy of outstanding knowledge of our
precious soil and water resources, which sustains all life.
Source: Dave Rosenberger, Plant Pathology, Highland, Scaffolds Fruit Journal, Volume 12, No. 3, March 31, 2003
Three simple concepts should dominate
planning for apple scab management in 2003:
Adopting these concepts means that we must abandon some of the scab management strategies developed and promoted over the past 20 years. Those strategies included delaying the first spray in low-inoculum orchards, using post-infection timing with SI and strobilurin fungicides, and using a four-spray SI program in which scab sprays were applied at tight cluster, pink, petal fall, and first cover (MacHardy et al., 1993; Wilcox et al., 1992). All of those strategies were dependent, at least somewhat, on availability of fungicides with post-infection activity. Because of the increasing frequency of orchards with SI-resistant strains of apple scab, none of those strategies remain viable today.
One might assume that the delayed spray program, in which fall assessments are used to determine predicted ascospore dose (PAD), would still be an option because that program was developed and tested using only protectant fungicides in plots to control scab even after early season scab sprays were omitted. However, most NY growers who delayed their first sprays never calculated their PAD. NY growers have generally used subjective visual observations to determine if orchards had high inoculum in the fall (i.e., if one can't see scab from the tractor seat, it's probably a clean orchard). By using SI fungicides at tight cluster and pink, growers were able to eliminate the few scab infections that might have occurred before the first fungicide spray was applied, even in orchards that had moderate levels of carry-over inoculum.
Even when growers performed fall scab counts to calculate PAD, the "insurance" provided by post-infection activity of the SI fungicides may have been more important than we initially recognized. Where SI fungicides are used in a post-infection timing, apple scab infections are sometimes suppressed and symptoms on leaves are obscured despite the fact that the fungus remains viable in the leaves (Falk, et al., 1996). Infected leaves with suppressed lesions can be difficult to detect in fall assessments of scab inoculum. They could therefore substantially increase inoculum dose in orchards that would be classified as low-inoculum orchards according to PAD counts. Higher-than-expected inoculum could translate to earlier-than-expected ascospore availability in so-called "clean" orchards. The post-infection activity of the first SI spray in delayed spray programs could have gradually become more critical for suppressing infections that occurred before the first spray if the frequency of suppressed lesions gradually increased from year to year. When SI-resistance reaches the breaking point in the field, then the delayed-spray program begins to fail, a phenomenon that is now occurring in New York State.
Sovran and Flint function primarily as
protectant fungicides. Although we initially believed
that they could be substituted directly for SI-plus-mancozeb sprays applied at 10-day intervals,
experience has shown that Sovran and Flint will not
provide 96-hour post-infection activity in many
orchards. Thus, these fungicides are best viewed as
protectants rather than as post-infection fungicides.
In orchards where activity of all post-infection fungicides has been compromised by resistance (i.e., orchards with resistance to SI's, benzimidazoles, and dodine), missing an early infection period can result in very high levels of fruit scab. This occurs because scab infections initiated between green-tip and tight cluster will begin producing conidia for secondary infections when trees are between full bloom and petal fall (Fig. 1).
The period between full bloom and first cover
represents the period of peak susceptibility to apple
scab because trees are producing large numbers of new
terminal leaves during that time and fruitlets have not
yet developed any of the resistance to scab that emerges
as fruit gain more size. Just one or two green-tip
infections per tree can generate so much inoculum by
the time trees are in bloom that even a moderately
effective protectant fungicide program (e.g., 3 lb.
mancozeb/A) will not completely control secondary
spread to terminal leaves and fruit. Sovran and Flint
may also fail to provide adequate fruit protection when
trees are exposed to high concentrations of conidial
inoculum during the period shortly after bloom.
Fungicide protection for controlling scab
between green-tip and tight cluster need not be
expensive. Copper sprays applied at green-tip will
provide at least 7 days of protection (equivalent to a
mancozeb spray). Mancozeb or Polyram applied at 1
lb/100 gallons of dilute spray will provide good
protection even in large trees or when applied on an
alternate row basis in smaller trees during the prebloom
period. It does not take a lot of fungicide to prevent
scab at green-tip. However, one can hardly expect
good scab control if the fungicide is still on the shelf in
the spray shed when the first infection period occurs!
Bottom line: Because of fungicide resistance problems, we must revert to more conservative prebloom fungicide programs with particular emphasis on protecting trees from the very earliest infections. Even if delayed spray programs with SI fungicides have worked well in the past, we strongly advise that these programs be abandoned now, before that practice results in 25% fruit scab in the orchard.
Relevant literature:
Falk, S.P., D.M. Gadoury, and R.C Seem. 1996. Impact of fenarimol on symptom expression and survival of stromata of Venturia inaequalis. Phytopathology 86:S121.
Mac Hardy, W.E., D.M. Gadoury, and D.A. Rosenberger. 1993. Delaying the onset of fungicide programs for control of apple scab in orchards with low potential ascospore dose of Venturia inaequalis. Plant Dis. 77 372-375.
Wilcox, W.F., D.I. Wasson, and J. Kovach. 1992. Development and evaluation of an integrated, reduced-spray program using sterol demethylation inhibitor fungicides for control of primary apple scab. Plant Dis. 76:669-676.
The following article is taken from the Southeast Peach Regional Newsletter, in which Dave Ritchie and Phil Brannen address the concern of managing bacterial spot in the absence of Mycoshield (oxytetracycline), the standard for controlling bacterial spot. You may read that southeastern growers are anticipating a shortage of Mycoshield for the 2003 growing season, apparently because of production issues. I have spoken with representatives from Syngenta and, at this time, they have told me that this does not apply to New York. Nevertheless, this article describes several other options growers have for managing bacterial spot, particularly when disease pressure is low.
Since this article covers the management of bacterial spot over the course of the entire season, I will offer the article in two parts. Part 1 will cover early-season disease management strategies. Part 2 will focus on later season strategies and will be published in a few weeks.
Bacterial spot is a disease that affects virtually all stone fruits, but is particularly damaging to peach, nectarines, and apricots. Except for Long Island, the disease does not typically cause significant losses in New York. This last winter was colder than the past few we've had and the cold temperatures may have substantially knocked back overwintering populations. However, the bacteria can multiply very rapidly, and even limited bacterial carryover can result in severe disease pressure under favorable conditions.
Frequent periods of rainfall, extended periods of high humidity, and increasing temperatures are the conditions favorable for bacterial spot infections on newly emerging leaves this spring. There are enough bacteria in a single peach leaf with angular, water- soaked bacterial spot lesions to infect all the fruit on a single tree, assuming the bacteria could be splashed to all fruit. One objective of applying copper sprays from bud-break through shuck-split is to prevent these early (primary) infections, which provide an enormous bacterial population for fruit infection (starting at shuck split or possibly while in the bloom if frequent rainfall occurs).
There are many different formulations of copper-containing compounds. Most labels specify that copper-containing products are to be used post-bloom only in 1st and 2nd cover sprays; after that, the risk of leaf injury and defoliation can be very damaging. Use rates are not greater than 0.25 to 0.50 lb metallic copper per acre in these two cover sprays. This is approximately 1.0 lb of formulated material per acre. For post-bloom sprays with copper, probably the most used formulation in the southeast has been TENN-COP 5E at 1/4 pt (4 fl oz) per 100 gal of water. Use rate per acre is 4-6 fl oz. There is a maximum of six (6) applications per season. However, use of TENN-COP 5E can still cause injury.
The effectiveness of copper for disease control
and the incidences and severity of phytotoxicity can be
variable. This may relate to several fundamental
characteristics of copper. First, it is the ionic form of
copper that is toxic. Thus, simply having copper
present does not mean that it is toxic; it must exist as
"free ions." The quantity of free ions is determined by
the pH of the liquid in which the copper is present. The
ionic form of copper is influenced by acidity. In acidic
conditions (pH <7.0), the lower the pH (more acid), the
more free ions of copper will be present and the more
toxic the solution for both the bacteria and the peach
leaves. If the liquid is basic (pH >7.0), then few or no
free ions are present; in this case, though copper is
present, its toxicity to the bacteria and foliage is greatly
reduced. Thus, it is important to have the proper pH
balance, which is an important consideration for using
a copper material that has been properly formulated.
The pH of the spray water, and ultimately the pH on
the leaf surface, can influence the quantity of copper
ions and subsequent disease control and phytotoxicity.
Weather conditions at the time of application can also influence the occurrence and amount of copper injury to peach foliage. Cool (temperatures of roughly 50 to 63 degrees F) and especially slow drying conditions can significantly increase phytotoxicity. Ideally, drying should occur within 3-5 minutes to reduce the risk of phytotoxicity. If it takes 20-30 minutes or more for the copper spray to dry, injury is likely to occur -- even at very low rates.
To reduce the risk of accumulating copper on the tree to levels that could become phytotoxic, consecutive applications should NOT be applied during extended dry periods. Sprayers should always be properly calibrated, and the recommended rate should not be exceeded. If a copper material is used after shuck-split, it is recommended that the foliage be carefully examined 2 to 3 days later (or before the next copper application). Following this examination, a decision must be made as to whether another copper application can be applied without excessive injury occurring.
The bottom line for use of copper when peach foliage is present: there is no rate of copper that has adequate activity against bacterial spot and will not cause some leaf injury.
Stay tuned for Part 2 of this article, which will discuss the efficacy of Captan tank-mixed with dodine (SYLLIT 65W), the use of zinc-containing materials, and strategies for applying Mycoshield.
The first measurable snowfall of spring provides us a chance to slow down in our race to get the earliest of the early season sprays applied, and a good opportunity to review some useful advice about the effect of spray water pH on pesticide activity. To review, there may be times when you don't observe the results expected from a pesticide application, even though you used the correct concentration of the recommended material and applied it in the same way that has given acceptable control at other times.
Although one may suspect a bad batch of chemical or a buildup of pesticide resistance, poor results may in fact be due to alkalinity -- that is, a solution with a pH higher than 7.0. A close inspection of the pesticide label will often reveal a caution against mixing the chemical with alkaline materials such as lime or lime sulfur. The reason for this is that many pesticides, particularly insecticides, undergo a chemical reaction under alkaline conditions that destroys their effectiveness. This reaction is called alkaline hydrolysis, and it can occur when the pesticide is mixed with alkaline water or other materials that cause a rise in the pH.
Hydrolysis is the splitting of a compound by water in the presence of ions. Water that is alkaline has a larger concentration of hydroxide (OH-) ions than water that is neutral; therefore, alkaline hydrolysis increases as the pH increases. Insecticides are generally more susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis than are fungicides and herbicides, and of these, organophosphates and carbamates are more susceptible than pyrethroids.
A survey of fruit-growing areas in N.Y. some years ago showed that water from as many as half of the sites in western N.Y. had pH values above 8.0. Water at this pH could cause problems for compounds that will break down in only slightly alkaline water, such as ethephon (Ethrel). Compounds that break down at a moderate rate at this pH, such as Carzol and Imidan, should be applied soon after mixing to minimize this process in the spray tank.
A smaller number of sites (less than a quarter of them) had pH levels greater than 8.5. Above this level, the rate of hydrolysis is rapid enough to cause breakdown of compounds such as Carzol and Imidan if there is any delay in spraying the tank once it is mixed. In a few sites having a pH above 9.0, compounds such as Guthion and malathion, which would not break down in most situations, may have problems. It is also important to note that in any one site, ground water pH can vary substantially (by nearly 2 pH units) during the season.
To prevent alkaline hydrolysis, you should:
Determine the pH of your spray solution; because of seasonal variability, this should be done more than once during the growing season. Measuring your spray water pH before mixing can be misleading, because the chemicals you use can raise or lower the pH of the overall spray solution. It makes more sense to take the time to run some bottle tests of your most-used spray materials after they have been mixed with your spray water. The most accurate method is by using an electronic pH meter; however, these are expensive and not very practical. Another, less accurate method uses dyes that change color in response to pH. These are available in the form of paper strips, or in solution for use in soil pH test kits. In general, the indicator is mixed with or dipped into the water, and the resulting color is compared against a standard color chart.
To minimize loss of chemical effectiveness from hydrolytic breakdown in the tank, it is a good practice to make the application right after it is mixed (as quickly as allowed by the weather and other factors). If a delay occurs, a buffering agent may be added to the tank if the pH is high and the chemical you are using is susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis; these agents work by lowering the pH and resisting pH change outside of a certain range. A pH in the range of 4-6 is recommended for most pesticide sprays. Buffering agents are available from many distributors; some examples are: Buffer-X (Kalo, Inc.), Buffer P.S. (Helena), Spray-Aide (Miller), and LI 700 (Wilbur Ellis). Some sources for pH testing materials are (pH Indicator Paper): Ward's Natural Science Est., PO Box 1712, Rochester, NY 14603; VWR, PO Box 1050 Rochester, NY 14603; Fisher Scientific, PO Box 8740, Rochester, NY 14642; (Soil pH Test Kits): Agronomy Soil Test Lab, 804 Bradfield Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853.
Growers may add technical flake calcium chloride to the tank when spraying cultivars such as McIntosh, which is susceptible to storage disorders related to inadequate levels of fruit calcium. However, research done in Massachusetts indicates that, although calcium chloride does not itself affect pH, a contaminant present as a result of the manufacturing process does increase the pH of the solution; this could in turn encourage alkaline hydrolysis. There are a few pesticide materials that should not be acidified under any circumstances, owing to their phytotoxic nature at low pH. Sprays containing fixed copper fungicides (including Bordeaux mixture, copper oxide, basic copper sulfate, copper hydroxide, etc.) and lime or lime sulfur should not be acidified. But if the product label tells you to avoid alkaline materials, chances are that the spray mixture will benefit by adjusting the pH to 6.0 or lower.
For further information on water pH and
pesticide effectiveness, refer to N.Y. Food & Life Sci.
Bull. No. 118, "Preventing decomposition of
agricultural chemicals by alkaline hydrolysis in the
spray tank," by A. J. Seaman and H. Riedl, from which
much of this information was adapted (available from
Communications Services Bulletins, Jordan Hall,
N.Y.S. Agric. Expt. Sta., Geneva, NY 14456; 315-787-2249, FAX: 315-787-2276).
The 2003 Pesticide Container Recycling Schedule has been posted on the web. To access the schedule, go to the Pesticide Education Program web site at <http://pested.osu.edu> and look under "General Information." The schedule is listed by county. For questions about the schedule, call Larry Berger, Ohio Department of Agriculture, 614-728-6392.
Several scheduled locations in northern Ohio are:
Sandusky County; UAP Great Lakes, 1744 W. McPherson Hwy., Clyde, Ohio 43410, 419-547-3030, Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Lorain County, OSU Extension Office, 42110 Russia Road, Elyria, Ohio 44035, 440-332-0127, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday thru Friday. Please call for an appointment.
Lorain County, Lorain Town & Country Co-op, 107 Railroad Street, LaGrange, Ohio 44050, 440- 355-5641, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Tuesdays in June & July.
| Coming Events | Degree Day Accum. Base 43 F |
| Pear psylla adults active | 2 - 121 |
| Pear psylla 1st oviposition | 25 - 147 |
| Redbanded leafroller 1st catch | 32 - 480 |
| Green fruitworm 1st catch | 36 - 173 |
| Tarnished plant bug adults active | 71-536 |
| Spotted tentiform leafminer - 1st adult catch | 73-433 |
Thanks to Scaffolds Fruit Journal (Art Agnello)
| Location | Degree Day Accumulations Base 43 F | |
| Actual | Normal | |
| Akron-Canton | 147 | 99 |
| Cincinnati | 241 | 203 |
| Cleveland | 133 | 96 |
| Columbus | 219 | 137 |
| Dayton | 206 | 134 |
| Kingsville Grape Branch | 82 | 71 |
| Mansfield | 142 | 94 |
| Norwalk | 124 | 79 |
| Piketon | 251 | 221 |
| Toledo | 105 | 69 |
| Wooster | 173 | 89 |
| Youngstown | 128 | 83 |
Site: Waterman Lab, Columbus
Dr. Celeste Welty, OSU Extension Entomologist
Site: East District: Erie & Lorain Counties
Source: Jim Mutchler, IPM Scout
| Weather Station Location | Monthly Precip | Normal Monthly Precip | Year-to-Date Precip | Normal Year-to-Date Precip | Avg High | Normal High | Avg Low | Normal Low | Mean Temp. | Normal Mean |
| Akron-Canton | 2.77 | 3.15 | 6.47 | 7.92 | 49.4 | 47.5 | 28.5 | 27.9 | 38.9 | 37.7 |
| Cincinnati | 2.53 | 3.90 | 7.79 | 9.57 | 55.9 | 53.9 | 34.0 | 33.8 | 45.0 | 43.8 |
| Cleveland | 2.33 | 2.94 | 7.05 | 7.71 | 48.9 | 46.1 | 28.5 | 28.9 | 38.7 | 37.5 |
| Columbus | 2.22 | 2.89 | 6.83 | 7.62 | 53.9 | 51.6 | 32.5 | 32.2 | 43.2 | 41.9 |
| Dayton | 2.65 | 3.29 | 5.95 | 8.18 | 52.2 | 49.3 | 32.0 | 31.2 | 42.1 | 40.2 |
| Kingsville | 3.37 | 2.40 | 6.49 | 6.20 | 47.2 | 43.6 | 24.7 | 27.0 | 36.0 | 35.3 |
| Mansfield | 2.67 | 3.36 | 5.95 | 8.16 | 49.3 | 46.6 | 27.6 | 26.8 | 38.5 | 36.7 |
| Norwalk | 2.51 | 2.77 | 6.34 | 6.40 | 48.4 | 45.7 | 27.9 | 27.5 | 38.1 | 36.6 |
| Piketon | 1.07 | 4.2 | 5.73 | 10.6 | 58.7 | 52.3 | 32.9 | 31.8 | 45.8 | 42.0 |
| Toledo | 2.12 | 2.62 | 5.28 | 6.43 | 47.4 | 46.5 | 25.6 | 27.9 | 36.5 | 36.2 |
| Wooster | 3.05 | 2.92 | 7.16 | 6.84 | 52.7 | 47.7 | 28.7 | 27.7 | 40.7 | 37.7 |
| Youngstown | 2.37 | 3.05 | 6.31 | 7.42 | 48.8 | 46.3 | 27.0 | 27.3 | 37.9 | 36.7 |
Temperatures in degrees F, Precipitation in inches
Table Created by Ted W. Gastier, OSU Extension from National Weather Service, OARDC & Local Data
Ted W. Gastier
Extension Agent, Agriculture
Tree Fruit Team Coordinator
Ohio State University Extension Huron County
180 Milan Avenue
Norwalk, OH 44857
Phone: (419)668-8210
FAX: (419)663-4233
E-mail: gastier.1@osu.edu
Copyright © The Ohio State University 2003
All educational programs conducted by Ohio State University Extension
are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to
race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender,
age, disability or Vietnam-era veteran status.
Keith L. Smith, Associate Vice President for Ag. Adm. and Director,
OSU Extension.
TDD No. 800-589-8292 (Ohio only) or 614-292-1868