Fruit ICM News
Volume 7, No. 26
July 9, 2003
In This Issue:
Calendar
Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Carbaryl
Degree Day Accumulations
Pest Phenology
Fruit Observations & Trap Reports
Calendar
August 4-5: HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) Workshop for Apple Cider & Juice:
will take place at the Berks County Ag Center in
Leesport, PA. For more information please contact Dr.
Luke LaBorde, Penn State University, at 814-863-2298
or e-mail at lfl5@psu.edu.
Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Carbaryl
Source:
http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/carbaryl_ired.pdf
Carbaryl is a carbamate insecticide used on a
variety of crops. It was first registered in 1959 for use
on cotton. Carbaryl is currently registered for use on
over 400 sites, and there are more than 140 tolerances
for carbaryl in the Code of Federal Regulations. At
present, carbaryl is registered for domestic outdoor
uses on lawns and gardens, and indoors in kennels and
on pet sleeping quarters. It is also currently registered
for direct application to cats and dogs (collar, powder,
and dip) to control fleas and ticks. Based on available
pesticide usage information from 1992 through 2001,
approximately 1.9 million pounds of carbaryl active
ingredient (lbs ai) are used in agriculture, and
approximately 1.3 million acres are treated. In 1998, a
total of 3.9 million lbs ai was sold, with about half of
this used in nonagricultural settings. The most recent
available data shows a decline in agricultural usage;
only 1 to 1.5 million lbs ai were used in agriculture in
2001.
Overall Risk Summary: The Agency's human health
risk assessment for carbaryl indicates some risk
concerns. Both acute and chronic risks from food are
below the Agency's level of concern. Drinking water
risk estimates based on screening level models, from
both ground and surface water exposures, suggest
concern for potential surface water exposure. Dietary
exposure from ground water sources of drinking water
are not of concern. There are also risk concerns for
occupational handlers who mix, load, and apply
carbaryl; for homeowner users; and for occupational
workers who are exposed to carbaryl residues after it is
applied to agricultural crops.
Summary of Mitigation Measures: EPA believes that
carbaryl is eligible for reregistration, provided the
following actions are implemented:
Dietary Risk:
- No label changes are necessary; however, certain
confirmatory data are required.
Residential Risk:
- For the garden/ornamental dust on
vegetables/ornamentals scenario, all end-use products
are to be packaged in ready-to-use (RTU) shaker can
containers, with no more than 0.5 lb ai/container.
- For the lawn care hose-end sprayer for liquid lawn
broadcast scenario, all liquid formulation end-use
products for lawncare are to be packaged in pint-size
RTU hose-end sprayers. Because of postapplication
risk concerns, the technical registrants, Bayer
CropScience and Burlington Scientific, have sent EPA
amended labels with this use deleted from their
technical products. The technical registrants have also
submitted voluntary cancellation letters for this use,
effective July 1, 2004. Use of liquid formulation
products for turf/lawn applications (except for
applications to sod farms, golf courses, commercial
landscape areas, and cemeteries) is limited to spot
treatments only (less than 1000 square feet), with the
use of an RTU sprayer. Voluntary pharmacokinetics
data are being generated to refine postapplication risks
from broadcast applications to turf lawns with liquid
formulations.
- The following uses are to be cancelled: all pet uses
(dusts and liquids, except for collars); granular and
baits lawn care; belly grinder for spot treatment;
granular and baits by hand for ornamentals and
gardens; and aerosol for various uses. Also,
confirmatory data on pet collars are required.
- Confirmatory transferable turf residue (TTR) data
on granular formulations applied to lawns are required.
Occupational Risk:
Handler Risks
- The following uses and application methods are to
be cancelled: wheat use; broadcast applications using
liquid formulations on residential lawns and turf, except
for golf courses; pet uses (with the exception for pet
collars); applications with hand, spoon, and
bellygrinder.
- The following maximum application rates are to be
reduced: mosquito control - from 1.0 to 0.2 lb ai/A;
citrus (entire US except California) - from 7.5 to 5 lb
ai/A; California citrus - from 16 to 12 lb ai/A; Florida
Special Local Need (FIFRA Sec. 24c) for Diaprepes
root weevil control on citrus use rate of 10 to 8 lb ai/A;
and asparagus - preharvest rate from 2 to 1 lb ai/A; and
postharvest rate from 4 to 2 lb ai/A.
- Aerial applications are prohibited for the following:
wettable powder formulations; and granular and bait
formulations applied to corn (field, pop, and sweet),
grain sorghum, alfalfa, rice, and sunflowers.
- PPE and engineering controls for aerial/chemigation
applications: closed systems designed to provide dry
disconnect/dry break links with the product container
for protection of mixers and loaders. Only
formulations compatible with these closed systems may
be used (e.g., emulsifiable concentrates and soluble
concentrates); enclosed cockpits for aerial applicators;
and mechanical flaggers or global positioning system
(GPS) equipment that negates the need for human
flaggers.
- PPE and engineering controls for ground airblast
applications (applicators): enclosed cabs for
applications to olives; enclosed cabs for applications to
citrus trees in California; enclosed cabs for applications
to citrus trees in Florida under Section 24(c) Special
Local Need at 8 lb ai/A; and for all other ground
airblast applications the following PPE must be worn:
coveralls over long-sleeved shirt and long pants,
chemical resistant gloves, protection factor 10
respirator (half-mask, air purifying), WPS head
protection, shoes and socks.
- PPE and engineering controls for granular and bait
formulation (loaders and/or applicators): long-sleeved
shirts and long pants, chemical resistant gloves,
dust/mist respirator, shoes and socks, unless specified
otherwise; and Ready-to-Disperse containers are
stipulated for Ornamental and Garden uses to
administer product without direct contact of the
formulation to the applicator.
- PPE for liquid formulation (e.g., emulsifiable
concentrates, soluble concentrates) (mixer/loaders
and/or applicators): long-sleeved shirt and long pants,
chemical resistant gloves, dust/mist respirator, shoes
and socks, unless specified otherwise.
- PPE and packaging for wettable powder formula-tion: water soluble packaging (an engineering control)
is stipulated for all wettable powder formulations; long-sleeved shirts and long pants, chemical resistant gloves,
shoes and socks.
Postapplication Risks
- For brassica crops: use is restricted to applications
only within 30 days of crop emergence/transplanting;
REI = 5 days
- For bunch/bundle crops: REI = 8 days
- For cucurbit vegetables: REI = 3 days
- For roses: REI = 7 days
- For stone fruits: for a 3 lb ai/A rate, the REI = 12
hours for all activities; however, workers may not enter
treated areas to hand thin until 7 days after application.
For 4 lb ai/A rate in California only, the REI = 3 days
for all activities; however, workers may not enter
treated areas to hand thin until 7 days after application.
- For citrus crops: the maximum application rate is
reduced to 5 lb ai/A rate with an REI = 24 hours; for
FL Section 24(c) registration, the maximum rate is
reduced to 8 lb ai./A with an REI = 5 days; and
maximum application rate for California only is
reduced to 12 lb ai/A with an REI = 5 days.
- For eggplant, bell/chili peppers, and tomatoes: REI = 2 days
- For leafy vegetables: use is restricted for applica-tions only within 30 days of crop
emergence/transplanting.
- For strawberries: REI = 4 days
- For stringbeans, dry beans/peas, chick peas and green peas: REI = 5 days
- For alfalfa, forage, flax, peanuts, rice, and sugarbeets: REI = 2 days
- For almonds, hazelnuts (filberts), macadamia, pistachios, and walnuts: REI = 10 days
- For olives: REI = 14 days
- For table beets and turnips when harvested for
greens: use is restricted for applications only within 30
days of crop emergence/transplanting
- For table beets, carrots, potatoes, sweet potato,
turnips when harvested for roots: REI = 4 days
- For asparagus: for pre-harvest applications, the
maximum application rate is reduced to 1 lb ai/A with
a REI = 24 hours; and for post-harvest applications, the
maximum application rate is reduced to 2 lb ai/A with
an REI = 24 hours
- For corn and sorghum: REI = 4 days
- For seed corn: REI = 4 days for all activities;
however, workers may not enter treated areas to hand
detassel until 30 days after application
- For sunflowers: REI = 24 hours
- For sweet corn: prohibition of hand harvesting and the REI = 3 days
- For sod farms: REI = 12 hours for all activities;
however, workers may not reenter treated areas to
harvest sod until 9 days after application
- For blackberries, raspberries, highbush blueberries
and pole beans: REI = 2 days
- For grapes: east of the Rocky Mtns the REI = 48
hours; west of the Rocky Mtns the REI = 7 days
Ecological Risk: To address ecological risks, the following mitigation is required:
- To address toxicity concerns for honey bees, a bee
protection statement must be added to the
Environmental Hazards section of carbaryl product
labels, as follows: "This product is highly toxic to bees
exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming
crops or weeds. Do not apply this product or allow it
to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting
the treatment area."
- Several mitigation measures required to address
residential and occupational risks, described above, will
also address risks to terrestrial and aquatic organisms,
including:
- Reducing maximum application rates for mosquito
control, citrus, and asparagus;
- Canceling use on wheat;
- Canceling liquid broadcast applications to home lawns; and
- Prohibiting certain aerial applications.
Specific comments about tree fruit:
Apples: Carbaryl use on pome fruit is unique when
compared to its other uses as an insecticide; its use on
pome fruit is almost entirely as a chemical fruit
thinning agent and rarely as an insecticide. Under most
conditions, apple trees will set more fruit than needed
for a full crop. Most apple cultivars will retain this
heavy set of fruit throughout the growing season
resulting in small, poorly colored, low quality fruit.
Fruit thinning is the removal of a portion of the crop
before it matures on the tree to increase the
marketability of the remaining fruit and to reduce the
biennial bearing tendency of the tree. When carbaryl is
applied to developing fruitlets (usually in the late
Spring) it causes a percentage of them to be aborted,
resulting in the desired fruit thinning affect. Hand
thinning is the activity that has the most worker
exposure under current Agency policy. Since carbaryl
is applied as a chemical thinning agent, workers
conducting hand thinning activities would not enter
treated areas until at least 7 days following applications
in order to take advantage of the chemical thinning
treatment. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) at day 7 is
97 for hand thinning, close to the target MOE, and not
of concern to the Agency. For this reason, the REI
remains unchanged at 12 hours.
Stone Fruit: Carbaryl is generally not used during the
period when hand thinning activities occur on these
crops. Carbaryl is predominantly used late season near
harvest time to control fruit damaging pests which can
significantly impact fruit quality and marketability.
Use rates are higher (up to 4 lb ai/A) in California
because of more difficult to control pests. Carbaryl can
also be applied at up to 5 lb ai/A as a dormant
application throughout the U.S.; pruning is generally
the only worker reentry activity occurring during this
timing; however, since no foliage is present exposures
would be expected to be minimal. The preharvest
interval following applications of carbaryl is 3 days
except in CA, where it is 1 day.
Changes to Use Pattern:
3 lb ai/A (rate):
REI = 12 hours for all activities; however, workers
may not enter treated areas to hand thin until 7 days
after application.
Degree Day Accumulations for Ohio Sites July 9, 2003
|
Ohio Location |
Degree Day Accumulations |
| Base 45° F |
Base 50° F |
| Actual |
Normal |
Actual |
Normal |
| Akron/Canton |
1599 |
1621 |
1105 |
1169 |
| Cincinnati |
1970 |
2152 |
1437 |
1611 |
| Cleveland |
1616 |
1571 |
1144 |
1133 |
| Columbus |
1915 |
1837 |
1390 |
1351 |
| Dayton |
1820 |
1888 |
1306 |
1400 |
| Kingsville |
1359 |
1445 |
921 |
1035 |
| Mansfield |
1514 |
1468 |
1027 |
1045 |
| Norwalk |
1555 |
1570 |
1083 |
1138 |
| Piketon |
2050 |
2124 |
1484 |
1576 |
| Toledo |
1547 |
1561 |
1070 |
1133 |
| Wooster |
1704 |
1521 |
1199 |
1121 |
| Youngstown |
1427 |
1478 |
952 |
1048 |
Pest Phenology
| Coming Event |
Degree Day Accum. Base 50° F |
| Lesser appleworm 1st flight subsides |
449 - 999 |
| Apple maggot 1st catch |
629 - 1297 |
| Redbanded leafroller 2nd flight begins |
656 - 1381 |
| Codling moth 1st flight subsides |
673 - 1412 |
| Spotted tentiform leafminer 2nd flight peak |
701 - 1355 |
| Oriental fruit moth 2nd flight begins |
772 - 1215 |
| Codling moth 2nd flight begins |
864 - 1549 |
| San Jose scale 2nd flight begins |
893 - 1407 |
Fruit Observations & Trap Reports
Due to the early publication date last week, we
included only the East and West District trap
reports. The Waterman Lab and Medina, Wayne,
and Holmes Counties' figures for two weeks are
included in this issue.
Site: Waterman Lab, Columbus
Dr. Celeste Welty, OSU Extension Entomologist
- Apple: 6/25 to 7/2/03
- AM: 0.0 (same as last week)
- CM: 6.7 (down from 17.0)
- ESBM: 0 (same as last week)
- LAW: 16 (up from 8)
- OBLR: 0 (down from 1)
- RBLR: 26 (up from 24)
- SJS: 0 (same as last week)
- STLM: 79 (down from 166)
- TABM: 1 (up from 0)
- VLR: 0 (same as last week)
- Peach: 6/25 to 7/2/03
- OFM: 0 (same as last week)
- LPTB: 2 (down from 3)
- PTB: 9 (up from 6)
- Apple: 7/2 to 7/9/03
- AM: 0.0 (same as last week)
- CM: 2.0 (down from 6.7)
- ESBM: 0 (same as last week)
- LAW: 10 (down from 16)
- OBLR: 0 (down from 1)
- RBLR: 8 (down from 26
- SJS: 16 (up from 0)
- STLM: 143 (up from 79)
- TABM: 0 (down from 1)
- VLR: 0 (same as last week)
- Peach: 7/2 to 7/9/03
- OFM: 0 (same as last week)
- LPTB: 2 (same as last week)
- PTB: 6 (down from 9)
Site: Medina, Wayne, & Holmes Counties
Ron Becker, IPM Program Assistant
Apple: 6/25 to 7/02/03
| STLM: | Holmes: 1683 (down from 1790) |
| | Medina: 315 (down from 1365) |
| | Wayne: 0 (down from 240) |
| RBLR: | Holmes: 55 (down from 16.7) |
| | Medina: 14.5 (up from 6.5) |
| | Wayne: 18 (up from 10.7) |
| CM: | Holmes: 5.1 (up from 2.6) |
| | Medina: 1.1 (up from 0.6) |
| | Wayne: 22.8 (down from 27) |
Peach: 6/25 to 7/02/03
| LPTB: | Holmes: 6 (down from 15) |
| | Medina: 0 (same as last week) |
| | Wayne: 8 (up from 0) |
| OFM: | Holmes: 0 (down from 15) |
| | Medina: 0 (same as last week) |
| | Wayne: 1 (up from 0) |
| PTB: | Holmes: 0 (same as last week) |
| | Medina: 0 (same as last week) |
| | Wayne: 0 (same as last week) |
Apple: 7/03 to 7/09/03
| STLM: | Holmes: 1656 (down from 1683) |
| | Medina: 455 (up from 315) |
| | Wayne: 583 (up from 0) |
| RBLR: | Holmes: 22.7 (down from 55) |
| | Medina: 6.8 (down from 14.5) |
| | Wayne: 24.3 (up from 18) |
| CM: | Holmes: 3.1 (down from 5.1) |
| | Medina: 1.0 (down from 1.1) |
| | Wayne: 31.1 (up from 22.8) |
Peach: 7/03 to 7/09/03
| LPTB: | Holmes: 9 (up from 6) |
| | Medina: 0 (same as last week) |
| | Wayne: 3 (down from 8) |
| OFM: | Holmes: 0 (same as last week) |
| | Medina: 0 (same as last week) |
| | Wayne: 0 (down from 1) |
| PTB: | Holmes: 1 (up from 0) |
| | Medina: 0 (same as last week) |
| | Wayne: 2 (up from 0) |
Site: East District: Erie & Lorain Counties
Jim Mutchler, IPM Scout
- Apple: 7/1 to 7/8/03
- CM: 5.3 (down from 6.7)
- LAW: 25.8 (down from 32.7)
- OFM: 3.1 (up from 1.8)
- RBLR: 52.3 (up from 27.3)
- SJS: 28 (up from 0)
- STLM: 580 (down from 713)
Other apple pests: green apple aphid, rosy apple aphid,
wooly apple aphid, and white apple leafhopper.
Beneficials: green lacewing, orange maggot, brown
lacewing, and lady beetle
- Peach: 7/1 to 7/8/03
- LPTB: 6.3 (down from 13.3)
- OFM: 2.0 (up from 0.7)
- PTB: 5.0 (up from 3.7)
- RBLR: 37.3 (up from 9.3)
Other peach pests: lilac borer
Site: West District: Huron, Ottawa, Richland, & Sandusky Counties - Gene Horner, IPM Scout
- Apple: 7/1 to 7/8/03
- CM: 0.9 (down from 3.4)
- LAW: 1.1 (up from 2.8)
- OFM: 0.4 (down from 1.4)
- RBLR: 52.6 (down from 55.9)
- SJS: 0.0 (same as last week)
- STLM: 244 (down from 361)
Other apple pests: green apple aphid, apple rust mite,
white apple leafhopper, potato leafhopper
- Peach: 7/1 to 7/8/03
- LPTB: 6.6 (up from 5.7)
- OFM: 0.3 (down from 0.8)
- PTB: 1.3 (up from 0.9)
- RBLR: 32.8 (up from 28.2)
Other peach pests: lilac borer, two-spotted spider mite
Beneficials: lacewing
Obituary for Ralph Wallace McDowell
Source: Elyria Chronicle-Telegram
Ralph Wallace McDowell, 81, of Henrietta
Township, a decorated World War II Army veteran,
died on June 30 following complications from
Parkinson's Disease. Born in Henrietta Township, he
lived in the home he was born in his entire life. He was
a 1940 graduate of Henrietta High School, where he
played basketball.
Mr. McDowell was a third-generation fruit
orchard farmer on his family farm, McDowell
Orchards in Henrietta Township and a member of Ohio
Fruit Growers Society.
Survivors include his wife of 35 years, Agnes
Margaret (nee Willson) and a daughter, Lois Marie
McDowell of Henrietta Township.
Memorials may be made to Henrietta United
Methodist Church, 52148 State Route 113, Amherst,
OH 44001 or to Michael J. Fox Foundation for
Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box
4777, New York NY 10163, or visit
http://www.michaeljfox.org.
The Ohio Fruit ICM News is edited by:
Ted W. Gastier
Extension Agent, Agriculture
Tree Fruit Team Coordinator
Ohio State University Extension Huron County
180 Milan Avenue
Norwalk, OH 44857
Phone: (419)668-8210
FAX: (419)663-4233
E-mail: gastier.1@osu.edu
Information presented above and where trade names are used, they are
supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by
Ohio State University Extension is implied. Although every attempt is made to produce
information that is complete, timely, and accurate, the pesticide user bears
responsibility of consulting the pesticide label and adhering to those directions.
Copyright © The Ohio State University 2003
All educational programs conducted by Ohio State University Extension
are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to
race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender,
age, disability or Vietnam-era veteran status.
Keith L. Smith, Associate Vice President for Ag. Adm. and Director,
OSU Extension.
TDD No. 800-589-8292 (Ohio only) or 614-292-1868
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