In This Issue:
Calendar
Oriental Fruit Moth
Apples: Insecticide & Miticide Efficacy
NE-183 Apple Cultivar Evaluation Project
ODA Fact Sheet on Farm Markets & Retail Food Licences
Degree Day Accumulations
Pest Phenology
Fruit Observations & Trap Reports
Weather Tracker® Scab Report
May 26: Twilight Tree Fruit Field Meeting, Branstool Orchards, Utica, OH. Meet at the farm market on the north side of S.R. 62, 1 ½ miles east of the Utica intersection of S.R. 62 & S.R. 13. Guest speakers will be Dr. Diane Miller and Dr. Mike Ellis.
June 30: Ohio Fruit Growers Society Summer Tour, OARDC Horticulture Unit 2, Wooster, 8 am to 3 pm. Registration fee.
Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, is a pest of most stone and pome fruits. In pome fruits, its appearance and injury is similar to that of the codling moth and lesser appleworm.
Description and life cycle
Adults are gray, with a wing spread of 1/4 inch; the wings are gray with brown markings. Eggs are single, flat, whitish ovals on twigs or the undersides of leaves. Larvae are grayish-white with a black head and reach 1/2 inch at maturity. Larvae are distinguished from codling moth by the presence of a black anal comb on the bottom of the last body segment.
Oriental fruit moths have four to five generations per year in Pennsylvania, with the first and last two generations most numerous. They overwinter as larvae in silken cocoons on the tree or on the ground, and they pupate and begin to emerge as adults during April, shortly before peach trees bloom. These females lay up to 200 eggs, primarily during May. The succeeding overlapping generations extend into September and October.
The earliest indication of injury is a dying back of the new growth of twigs in spring. A first-generation larva enters at a leaf axil near the tip of a shoot and bores down the central core for several inches, causing the terminal to wilt, or "flag." Later-generation larvae may enter the fruit near the stem end and make feeding burrows that can extend to the pit or to the core. In peaches, the mature larva exits the fruit from the side, leaving a large gumming hole with much frass. In apples, Oriental fruit moth larvae may feed around, but not in, the core.
Monitoring and management
Spray timing can be aided by using pheromone traps to establish a biofix (i.e., first sustained capture of two or more moths per trap) and then calculating and recording degree days to determine the percent egg hatch for each generation. Place sex pheromone traps in stone fruit and/or apple orchards in early April and check daily until biofix is established. Then, monitor the traps weekly thereafter throughout the season. You will need to record the local temperature each day, beginning with the establishment of biofix. Timing of insecticide sprays for the first and second generations on peaches are as follows:
The differences in larval development due to feeding on various food sources (i.e., terminals, fruits, apple, peach) and possible adult movement between adjacent apple and peach orchards contribute to significant overlapping between generations late in the season. See accompanying table for insecticide efficacy against OFM and other pests.
Mating disruption materials such as sprayable pheromones and hand-applied dispensers (i.e., Isomate M-100, Isomate Rosso, Hercon Confuse OFM) can be used to manage this pest. Hand-applied dispensers should be placed in the mid- to upper level of the tree canopy at the label rate at the pink stage. Various kinds of hand-applied dispensers are available on the market, but even the dispensers with the shortest pheromone release time remain effective for at least 90 days. The sprayable pheromones can be applied together with routine pesticide applications. Their effective time depends upon pheromone formulation, rate, and weather conditions. Ideally, orchards should be at least 5-10 acres in size for mating disruption to be effective. Moreover, monitoring should proceed as usual to check the effectiveness of disruption.
In addition, new, less time-consuming mating disruption technologies such as point release or attract-and-kill products (Last Call OFM) are being developed and will be available for Oriental fruit moth control. Red banded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana, is considered a minor pest of apples and many other deciduous fruit crops throughout most of Pennsylvania.
Description and life cycle
Adults have a wingspread of 1/2 inch. The forewing is marked with a band that widens towards the edge. Egg masses of the first brood are deposited on the undersides of larger limbs, while the eggs of the later broods are laid mostly on the upper leaf surface. Larvae are pale green with yellowish heads, and reach 5/8 inch at maturity.
This leafroller has three generations in Pennsylvania. Pupae overwinter in the groundcover. Moths emerge during April and May. First generation larvae hatch at late petal fall. Subsequent flights occur in July and late August. Larvae may be found from May to late September.
Larvae skeletonize leaves from the underside, folding and webbing them together. They feed on the fruit, especially when leaves touch it, making shallow, irregular channels.
Monitoring and management
In orchards with a history of redbanded leafroller problems, the pheromone traps should be used for monitoring moth activity. The redbanded leafroller injury can be controlled by insecticide sprays directed against the early larval instars. See accompanying table for insecticide efficacy against RBLR and other pests.
Key to Pests
AM -- apple maggot
CM -- codling moth
LAW -- lesser appleworm
OBLR -- obliquebanded leafroller
OFM -- Oriental fruit moth
PC -- plum curculio
RAA -- rosy apple aphid
RBLR -- redbanded leafroller
SJS -- San Jose scale
STLM -- spotted tentiform leafminer
WALH -- white apple leafhopper
| Pesticide c | AM | CM | LAW | OBLR | OFM | PC | RAA | RBLR | SJS | STLM | WALH |
| Actara | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | 2 | 1 |
| Agri-Mek | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 3 |
| Asana XL | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| Assail | - | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | - | 1 | 4 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Avaunt | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | - | 4 | 2 |
| azinphos-methyl | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| B. thuringiensis | - | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Calypso | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| carbaryl | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| chlorpryrifos 4E | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Danitol | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| Diazinon | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| endosulfan | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| Esteem | - | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Imidan | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Intrepid | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | - | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| Lannate | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Lorsban 50WP | - | - | - | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | - |
| permethrin | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| Provado | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| SpinTor | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | - | 2 | - | 1 | - |
| Supracide | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Surround | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | - | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Warrior | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
a Pest control rating system when used at recommended rates: 1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = fair, 4 = poor, -- = not
rated for this insect or mite. Ratings are based on moderate insect or mite pressure. Heavy infestation may require
either higher dosage or shorter intervals, or both.
b Fruit finish on yellow varieties when used as directed excellent for all products except the following: good for
diazinon and Lorsban 50WP.
c Uppercase names are trade names, lowercase names are common names for products with more than one trade
name.
Objectives
History, Background, and Justification
Apple production in the United States is a strong and viable industry, producing a crop value of over $1.6 billion dollars annually. Much of the growth and economic viability of this industry has been based upon the development of cultivars for new and traditional markets. Increasingly, the U.S. is competing with foreign producers. Chile, Brazil, South Africa, New Zealand, the European Economic Union, and eastern European countries all impact the market price and sale of apples in the United States. In order to stay competitive, it is important to rapidly deploy new and viable apple cultivars. This research will test the performance of new apple cultivars for different growing regions within the U.S. and develop new protocols for managing these cultivars.
NE-183 News
2003 Annual Meeting Minutes
http://www.ne183.org/2003/2003ne183minutes.pdf
2002 Annual Report http://www.ne183.org/2002/2002ne183annualreport.pdf
At a ceremony in June 2001 at the Ronald Reagan International Trade Center in Washington, DC, Secretary of Agriculture Ann M. Veneman presented the 55th Annual Secretary of Agriculture's Honor Awards, the highest awards bestowed by USDA. NE-183 received an award "for providing timely information to apple growers nationally about the likely success of establishing new apple cultivars in different regions while meeting consumers' desire for diverse and tasty apples."
What is a farm market?
A farm market is a producer-operated facility
where fresh fruits and vegetables and other food items
are offered for sale.
Are all farm markets exempt from a Retail Food Establishment (RFE) license?
No, the exemption to an RFE license is based
upon the types of foods being offered for sale at the
farm market and registration with the Ohio Department
of Agriculture's Division of Food Safety.
What types of foods may the farm market offer for
sale and still be exempt from the RFE license?
A farm market that only offers for sale the
following types of food items is exempt from the RFE
license:
Is a farm market prohibited from offering other
foods for sale such as milk and cheese?
No. The farm market operator, however, will
lose exemption status and will need to become
licensed by their local health department as an RFE.
Is a farm market that is listed in the Ohio Farmers'
Market Directory exempt from the RFE license?
Not necessarily. The exemption from the RFE
license is based upon the types of foods being offered
for sale at the farm market. The Ohio Farmers'
Market Directory is a state directory of farm markets
that sell a variety of foods. Some of those listed in the
directory may be exempt based upon the foods being
offered for sale, while others may not be exempt.
If a farm market is NOT exempt, how is it regulated?
A farm market that is not exempt because of
the types of food it is selling is licensed and regulated
by the local health department that has jurisdiction. It
will be regulated under Chapter 3717 of the Revised
Code as an RFE. The local health department will
apply the Ohio Uniform Food Safety Code rules.
Who regulates exempt farm markets?
The Ohio Department of Agriculture's
Division of Food Safety inspects farm markets that are
exempt from the RFE license and that are registered
with that division.
How does a farm market register with the Ohio
Department of Agriculture's Division of Food
Safety?
A farm market operator may contact the
Division of Food Safety at 1-800-282-1955 to obtain
registration information, or e-mail:
foodsafety@odant.agri.state.oh.us.
| Ohio Location | Degree Day Accumulations Base 50 | |
| Actual | Normal* | |
| Akron-Canton | 281 | 240 |
| Cincinnati | 432 | 406 |
| Cleveland | 276 | 229 |
| Columbus | 392 | 319 |
| Dayton | 385 | 367 |
| Kingsville | 245 | 175 |
| Mansfield | 283 | 237 |
| Norwalk | 297 | 210 |
| Piketon | 438 | 346 |
| Toledo | 286 | 217 |
| Wooster | 312 | 220 |
| Youngstown | 272 | 217 |
| Coming Events | Degree Day Accum. Base 50F |
| Lesser appleworm 1st flight | 49 - 377 |
| Spotted tentiform leafminer sap-feeders present | 130 - 325 |
| 1st codling moth catch | 141 - 491 |
| European red mite egg hatch complete | 183 - 298 |
| San Jose scale 1st flight peak | 229 - 449 |
| Plum curculio oviposition scars present | 232 - 348 |
| Peachtree borer 1st catch | 299 - 988 |
| Codling moth 1st flight peak | 307 - 824 |
Site: Waterman Lab, Columbus
Dr. Celeste Welty, OSU Extension Entomologist
| Apple: 5/5 to 5/12/04 | |
| Redbanded leafroller | 0 same as last wk |
| Spotted tentiform leafminer | 2 down from 17 |
| San Jose scale | 9 up from 0 |
| Codling moth | 37.0 up from 0.0 |
| Lesser appleworm | 29 up from 3 |
| Tufted apple budmoth | 3 up from 0 |
| Variegated leafroller | 0 same as last wk |
| Obliquebanded leafroller | 0 same as last wk |
Codling moth biofix date at Columbus was 5/7/04
Site: Medina, Wayne, and Holmes Counties
Ron Becker, IPM Program Assistant
| Apple: 5/5 to 5/12/04 | |
| Redbandedleafroller | Holmes: 11 down from 24 |
| Wayne: 8.3 down from 17 | |
| Medina: 20.5 up from 18 | |
| Spotted tentiform leafminer | Holmes: 27.5 down from 300 |
| Wayne: 70.3 down from 215 | |
| Medina: 180 down from 240 | |
| Oriental fruit moth | Holmes: 0 same as last wk. |
| Wayne: 2 same as last wk. | |
| Medina: 0.5 same as last week | |
| Codling Moth | Holmes: 0.5 up from 0 |
| Wayne: 0 same as last wk. | |
| Medina: 0 same as last wk | |
No presence or damage from plum curculio in apples or stone fruit has been found.
Site: West District; Huron, Ottawa, Richland, and Sandusky Counties
Lowell Kreager, IPM Scout/Technician
| Apple 5/4 to 5/11/04 | |
| Codling moth | 4.8 first report |
| Lesser appleworm | 5.7 up from 3.0 |
| Oriental fruit moth | 20.9 up from 1.6 |
| Redbanded leafroller | 43.5 up from 40.8 |
| Spotted tentiform leafminer | 622 first report |
| Peach 5/4 to 5/11/04 | |
| Oriental fruit moth | 3.7 up from 0.8 |
| Redbanded leafroller | 29.2 down from 30.8 |
Codling moth biofix date at some locations was 5/9/04
Site: East District; Erie and Lorain Counties
Jim Mutchler, IPM Scout/Technician
| Apple 5/4 to 5/11/04 | |
| Oriental fruit moth | 15.6 up from 12.7 |
| Redbanded leafroller | 25.6 up from 23.8 |
| Spotted tentiform leafminer | 682 first report |
| Peach 5/4 to 5/11/04 | |
| Oriental fruit moth | 4.3 up from 1.5 |
| Redbanded leafroller | 25.5 up from 11.0 |
The WeatherTracker® instrument constantly monitors air temperature and leaf wetness. Combined with internal software based on the Modified Mills Apple Scab Table, the WeatherTracker® provides direct readings of possible scab infections, as well as a 30 day archive.
The following table is a summary of scab reports from cooperating apple growers. The degree of possible infection is indicated by light, medium, and heavy as used in the Modified Mills Table.
| County | Columbiana | East Erie | West Erie | Geauga | Holmes | Licking | Lucas | Sandusky | Wayne |
| 4/13-14 | Light | Light | |||||||
| 4/18 | Light | Light | |||||||
| 4/21-22 | Light | Light | |||||||
| 4/23 | Light | Medium | Medium | ||||||
| 4/25 | Light | Light | |||||||
| 4/26 | Light | Light | Light | ||||||
| 4/30 | Medium | Medium | Light | Light | Light | Light | Light | ||
| 5/1 | Medium | Medium | Light | Medium | Light | Heavy | Heavy | ||
| 5/2 | Medium | Light | Heavy | Light | Medium | Light | Heavy | Heavy | Medium |
| 5/3 | Heavy | Light | Heavy | Light | Medium | ||||
| 5/10 | Light | ||||||||
| 5/11 | Light | ||||||||
| 5/12 | Medium | Medium |
Ted W. Gastier
Extension Agent, Agriculture
Tree Fruit Team Coordinator
Ohio State University Extension Huron County
180 Milan Avenue
Norwalk, OH 44857
Phone: (419)668-8210
FAX: (419)663-4233
E-mail: gastier.1@osu.edu
Copyright © The Ohio State University 2004
All educational programs conducted by Ohio State University Extension
are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to
race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender,
age, disability or Vietnam-era veteran status.
Keith L. Smith, Associate Vice President for Ag. Adm. and Director,
OSU Extension.
TDD No. 800-589-8292 (Ohio only) or 614-292-1868