In This Issue:
Calendar
Pesticide Groups for Berries - Parts I, II, III
IRAC - Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
Growing Your Business Through Fruit and Vegetable Food Safety
February 26, 2004: Ohio Fruit Growers Society Committee Meetings, (Tree Fruit, Small Fruit, Program, Forward Phase, Juice, & Public Affairs), Best Western, Wooster, Ohio. Contact Tom Sachs at 614-246-8292, growohio@ofbf.org, or http://www.ohiofruit.org.
February 26, 2004: Ohio Apple Operating Committee Meeting, Best Western, Wooster, Ohio. Contact Tom Sachs at 614-246-8292, growohio@ofbf.org, or http://www.ohioapples.org.
March 4-5, 2004: Growing Your Business Through Fruit and Vegetable Food Safety Workshop sponsored by the Ohio Specialty Crop Food Safety Initiative, Columbus, Ohio. Contact Jennifer Hungerford at 614-246-8289, maahs@ofbf.org or visit http://www.midamservicves.org and click on "projects." See later article.
You will see, on some of the newer pesticide packaging, words such as "Group 11 Fungicide", as with Cabrio, for instance. Growers often ask with what other pesticide they should alternate a particular material, and this labeling should help to answer their questions. However, the labeling is voluntary, so only time will tell how many packages bear this information. The "activity groups" into which pesticides fall are based on the mode or target site(s) of action that each pesticide has. To delay the buildup of resistance to a particular chemical, it should be alternated or combined with a material with a different mode of action (one that falls into a different activity group). With fungicides labeled for berry production in Pennsylvania, the activity group and fungicides currently in each category are listed below.
This information was obtained from Pesticide Registration (PR) Notice 2001-5, Guidelines for Pesticide Registrants on Pesticide Resistance Management Labeling on EPA's web site http://www.epa.gov.
Fungicides:
You'll notice that Group M fungicides are the ones about which we generally (but not always) worry less about resistance buildup, and often recommend for combination or alternating with other fungicides that have a more specific activity. Fungicides that fall into the same activity group should not be alternated with each other for resistance management purposes.
Pesticide Groups for Berries - Part II
Only groups which contain insecticides labeled for berries are listed below. This information was almost entirely obtained from Pesticide Registration (PR) Notice 2001-5, Guidelines for Pesticide Registrants on Pesticide Resistance Management Labeling" on EPA's web site http://www.epa.gov, with additional information from IR-4.
Insecticides and Miticides:
Where subgroups are listed, compounds between subgroups can generally be alternated with each other for resistance management.
Group 1A - Carbamates: carbaryl (Sevin), methomyl (Lannate)
Group 1B - Organophosphates: azinphos-methyl (Guthion), chlorpyrifos (Lorsban), diazinon, malathion, naled (Dibrom), and phosmet (Imidan)
Group 2A - Chorinated cylodiones: endosulfan (Thiodan, Phaser)
Group 2B - phenylpyrazoles. (No insecticides labeled for berries fall into this group.)
Herbicides:
Though buildup of resistant populations of weeds is not something we hear a lot about, relative to buildup of resistant strains of diseases or mites, it can happen. Only groups which contain herbicides labeled for berries are listed below. Also, there are many other materials within each group, but if they're not labeled for berries, they are not listed below. This information was almost entirely obtained from Pesticide Registration (PR) Notice 2001-5, Guidelines for Pesticide Registrants on Pesticide Resistance Management Labeling on EPA's web site http://www.epa.gov.
I'm not listing the target sites of action this time (most of us would need to dig out a reference book or two to understand them). Growers could sometimes guess correctly which ones fall into the same group, based on the similar effects that they have.
The information provided in the previous section by Dr. Kathy Demchak is the result of activities initiated in 1984 by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC). The group was formed "to provide a coordinated crop protection industry response to the development of resistance in insect and mite pests." The aim of IRAC is "to keep all classes of insecticides and acaricides as viable control options. By maintaining efficacy, IRAC is dedicated to the support of sustainable agriculture and vector control." (Information about FRAC - Fungicide Resistance Action Committee can be found at http://www.frac.info/. A source for herbicide resistance weeds can be found at: http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/DC6077.html.)
What is insecticide resistance? It is a heritable characteristic that permits an insect or mite to survive exposure to a full field rate of a properly applied insecticide. It may lead to field failure. Insecticide resistance is most likely to arise as a result of poor application technique or failure to follow resistance management guidelines.
Insects may become resistant through a number of mechanisms. They include:
Metabolic Resistance - the insect has an enhanced ability to destroy or eliminate the insecticide. A number of types are known.
Target Site Modification - the site where the insecticide acts is modified to reduce the effect of the product. These mechanisms are specific to particular classes of insecticides with given modes of action.
Delayed Penetration - entry of the insecticide is delayed in comparison to the susceptible types.
Behavioral Resistance - resistant insects may detect or recognize and avoid the insecticide.
IRAC has developed a mode of action classification based upon the known ways in which different products act. Effective resistance management (IRM) is dependent on reducing selection pressure, and IRAC has developed and recommends strategies that involve using different modes of action. IRAC promotes product labeling to help growers practice effective IRM through the use of alternatives or sequence of modes of action. IRAC is investigating the value of rotational programs in managing resistance in malaria transmitting mosquitoes.
Stay tuned in following weeks for additional information about insecticide and fungicide groups.
The Ohio Specialty Crop Food Safety Initiative is sponsoring its third Food Safety Workshop on March 4th and 5th, 2004 in Waldo, Ohio at All Occasions Catering. Mary Donnell, Extension Agent, Ohio State University Extension Agricultural Business Enhancement Center and workshop coordinator, says the first day addresses basic good agricultural practices that improve the safety and marketability of fruit and vegetable production. The second day will address advanced good agricultural practices that lead producers from awareness to action.
The featured presenter is Dr. Trevor Suslow, Extension Research Specialist Postharvest Quality and Safety, University of California Department of Vegetable Crops. Dr. Suslow has extensive experience in postharvest quality and food safety issues that will bring a fresh perspective to Midwest producers. Additional presenters include Mary Donnell; John Wargowsky, Executive Director, Mid American Ag and Hort Services; and Dr. Shari Plimpton, Program Manager, Industry Outreach, Center for Innovative Food Technology.
The workshop fee of $30/day includes a continental breakfast, lunch, workshop materials, and certificate of attendance. Those attending both days may register for $55. Attendance at one or both days is welcome. The workshop registration deadline is February 25. Complete workshop information is available by contacting Jennifer Hungerford at 614-246-8289 or maahs@ofbf.org or visiting http://www.midamservices.org and clicking on "projects".
This Initiative is cooperatively managed by the Ohio State University Extension Agricultural Business Enhancement Center, Mid American Ag and Hort Services, and the Center for Innovative Food Technology and is financed in part through a partnership agreement with the United States Department of Agriculture's Risk Management Agency.
Ted W. Gastier
Extension Agent, Agriculture
Tree Fruit Team Coordinator
Ohio State University Extension Huron County
180 Milan Avenue
Norwalk, OH 44857
Phone: (419)668-8210
FAX: (419)663-4233
E-mail: gastier.1@osu.edu
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