Fruit ICM News

Volume 8,  No. 43
December 9, 2004

Calendar

December 14:  Agricultural Labor Camp Workshop for Camp Operators, Pomeroy, OSU Meigs County Extension office, 2:30 to 4:30 p.m.  For those who own, operate, or are considering the development of temporary labor camps for agricultural and food processing workers.

January 19-21, 2005: Ohio Fruit and Vegetable Growers Congress / Ohio Direct Marketing Conference, Toledo SeaGate Centre.  Contact Tom Sachs at 614-246-8292 or e-mail growohio@ofbf.org.

February 10-12, 2005: North American Farmers’ Direct Marketing Conference and Trade Show, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Boston, MA.

New U.S. Secretary of Agriculture

Source: The OSU Extension Communique

Nebraska Governor Mike Johanns has been chosen by President Bush to serve as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture to oversee the nation’s farm and food programs.  The selection of Johanns reflects the administration’s desire to focus heavily on farm trade.

Strawberry, Raspberry, and Blueberry Cultivar Review 2003

Source: Courtney Weber, Department of Horticultural Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY,  caw34@nysaes.cornell.edu, <http://www.hort.cornell.edu/ extension/commercial/fruit/Berries/berrycult2003.html>

The winter months are a good time to review your current small fruit cultivars and consider new plantings.  New cultivars are released all the time, and the vast majority of them fail to catch on for various reasons, including poor adaptability to diverse growing regions, unforeseen disease or insect susceptibility, or fruit characteristics that are unacceptable to the buying public.

The following sections are meant as a guideline for New York and the northeastern U.S.  No cultivar will work well in all locations, soil types, and production systems, but many have proven to be useful in various different situations.  Some new cultivars show promise and may be suitable for your operation.  However, as always, try new cultivars on a limited basis before abandoning cultivars that have proven reliable in your production scheme.

This list is by no means complete, but should address most situations.  For convenience, an asterisk follows the standard cultivars (*).  The author can be contacted with questions or to discuss other possibilities at caw34@cornell.edu.

Strawberry Cultivars

Strawberries are probably the most variable and temperamental of the small fruits and also probably have the most cultivars to choose from because they are often adapted to a relatively small growing region.June-bearing types are most commonly grown in NY and the northeastern U.S., but interest is growing in day-neutral types grown on plastic.

Early Season

• Sable (Nova Scotia, Patent Pending) is slightly earlier than Earliglow and is equal or better in flavor.  Unfortunately, it lacks size and firmness. This cultivar is only suitable for direct retail and u-pick operations.  Frost damage can be a problem because the flowers open very early.
• 
  Earliglow* (USDA) is still considered the best tasting berry around.  Primary berries are large and attractive and are suitable for retail or wholesale.  Berry size drops off quickly after the
• primary berries and yields are relatively low.

• Northeaster  (USDA) was billed as a replacement for Earliglow and outperforms it in all ways except flavor.  Yield is higher and fruit size and attractiveness are equal to Earliglow, but the flavor is unusual.  The grape Kool-Aid like aftertaste can be a turn-off to many customers.

• Honeoye* (Cornell University-NYSAES) has reigned as the yield king for many years and produces an abundance of large, attractive, firm berries that are suitable for all markets.  Closer to an early mid-season, the look of this berry sells it; however, taste is the major drawback as it can be tart and can develop disagreeable aftertastes when overripe or in heavy soils.  It is susceptible to red stele disease but is manageable.

Mid Season

• Brunswick  (Nova Scotia, Patent Pending) has fruit size and yield similar to Honeoye; however, it has a squat, round shape and tends to be dark and bruises easily.  The flavor is good but can be tart when under-ripe.

• Cavendish  (Nova Scotia, Plant Patent #11,110) is a high yielding, high quality berry in a good year. However, high temperatures can cause uneven ripening that can be a real problem.

• Darselect  (France, Plant Patent #10,402) is a large-fruited, high yielding cultivar.  The berries are an attractive bright red with a long, conical shape.  The flavor is very good; however, it tends to be soft.  It is worth a look.

• Kent* (Nova Scotia) produces medium-sized berries with very good yield, especially in new plantings.  Hot weather can cause skin toughness to deteriorate.  It is very susceptible to leaf spot and scorch and to angular leaf spot.  It is very sensitive to Sinbar herbicide. It does not do well in hot weather.

• L’Amour (NY1829, Patent Pending) is a new cultivar from Cornell for 2004.  It is an early mid-season type with excellent fruit quality.  Berries are bright red and firm but not hard, with excellent eating quality and flavor.  Fruit is long, round-conical with a fancy calyx, which makes them very attractive.  Disease and insect resistance is unknown at this stage, but no significant problems have been noted to date.  I like this one a lot.

• Mesabi* (University of Minnesota, Plant Patent #11,116) is a very high yielding berry with large fruit and good flavor, but does not store well.  It is resistant to red stele and tolerant to leaf diseases and powdery mildew.

Late Season

• Allstar* (USDA) is good yielding, high quality cultivar with good flavor.  Unfortunately, the color is pale red to orange and is unacceptable to an uninformed consumer.

• Cabot (Nova Scotia, Patent Pending) produces impressive berries.  Average fruit size is far larger than any cultivar currently available; primary berries often weigh 40-50 g.  The color can be pale and primary berries are often irregular in shape.  Secondary berries do not have this problem.  Yields are very good.  It is resistant to red stele and is susceptible to virus infection.

red stele root rot.  The fruit is a round, conical shape with darker red color and good flavor.  The flesh is firm, with good texture and eating quality.  Insect and other disease resistance is unknown at this time, but no significant problems have been noted to date.  Growers looking for a firm, late season berry may want to try this one.

• Jewel* (Cornell University-NYSAES, Plant Patent # 5897) continues to be the favorite in this season.  The high quality berries are large and attractive with good flavor.  Yields are moderate.  On a good site, it’s hard to beat.  It is susceptible to red stele and can have vigor problems in poor sites.

• Ovation (USDA) is extremely late. It doesn’t flower until after most others are past their peak.  Fruit quality is average, but there is little to compare it to in its season.  Yields are moderate.

• Seneca  (Cornell University-NYSAES, Plant Patent #8991) is probably the firmest cultivar available for the northeast.  The fruit is large, bright red, and attractive but the flavor is only acceptable.  It doe not runner heavily and can be adapted to plasticulture.

• Winona (University of Minnesota, Plant Patent #10,191) has very large berries and average yields, but cannot compete with Jewel for fruit appearance.  It has good vigor though and might be useful where Jewel does poorly.

Day Neutral

• Everest is a fairly new cultivar out of the U.K.  It has large, firm, bright red berries.  It does not runner well and is only suited for plasticulture.  Over wintering can be a problem with this one.

• Seascape  (UC-Davis, Plant Patent #7614) is a day neutral out of California that is seeing some success in the east.  The fruit is large and very attractive.  It is firm and good quality.  It does not runner and is only suited for plasticulture.  Over wintering can be a problem with this one.

• Tribute and Tristar (USDA) have been the standard day neutral cultivars for the northeast for the last 20 years.  They are disease resistant, vigorous, and runner enough for matted row production.  Both are relatively small fruited and low yielding, but off-season fruit may pay off.  Of the two, Tribute has better size and Tristar has better flavor.

New Cultivars - These have not been tested in Geneva but may be of interest.

• Evangeline (Patent Pending) this new cultivar from Nova Scotia ripens in the early season.  The fruit is long-conical in shape with a pronounced neck.  The interior is white and it is susceptible to red stele.  The fruiting laterals are stiff and upright, which keeps the fruit off the ground and clean.

• Sapphire is a late mid-season cultivar from the U. of Guelph in Ontario.  The fruit are bright red and large.  It is reported to be tolerant of the herbicide Sinbar (terbacil).

• Serenity is a late season cultivar that is also from the U. of Guelph in Ontario.  It is tolerant to Sinbar (terbacil).  The fruit is large and bright red.  The skin tends to be soft.  It is reported to be moderately resistant to scorch and mildew.

• Saint Pierre is a new cultivar out of Quebec.  It has large, conic-shaped fruit that are pale red to orange, much like Allstar.  Fruit firmness and flavor are reported to be very good.

• Elsanta (Netherlands) is one of the most widely planted cultivars in Europe.  It is June-bearing with high yield potential.  Fruit is firm and aromatic.  It is susceptible to red stele, anthracnose, and verticillium wilt.

• Bish (Patent Pending) is a new cultivar out of North Carolina State University.  This cultivar is large and firm.  It is resistant to anthracnose.  It is a June-bearing cultivar developed for use in plasticulture systems.

Raspberry Cultivars

There are a lot of raspberry cultivars out there dating from the 1940’s to 2003.  They come in summer bearing floricane types and fall bearing primocane types.  By planting a series of cultivars, it is now possible to have fruit from mid to late June until frost in much of NY and the northeastern U.S. with only a short late summer lag in production.  Here are some thoughts on some of the cultivars available.Early Season

• Boyne (Manitoba, sibling to Killarney) plants are spiny and produce many suckers.  The fruit ripens early and is small to medium in size and somewhat dark and soft, but it has fair flavor and good freezing quality.  It has excellent winter hardiness but is susceptible to anthracnose.  It is moderately resistant to late yellow rust and tolerant to Phytophthora root rot and crown gall, but is susceptible to raspberry fireblight.  Boyne yields very well and is recommended for colder climates.

• Killarney* (Manitoba, sibling of Boyne) has short to medium canes, is spiny, and produces many suckers.  It is moderately resistant to Phytophthora root rot.  It is susceptible to mildew and anthracnose.  The fruit ripens early, but after Prelude and Boyne.  The fruit is medium-sized, but very bright red and may crumble. Flavor and freezing quality are good, but berries may soften in warm weather.  This cultivar is very hardy and is recommended for colder climates.

• Prelude* (Cornell University-NYSAES, Plant Patent #11,747) is the earliest summer fruiting cultivar available.  The fruit is medium sized, round, and firm with good flavor.  It is very resistant to Phytophthora root rot and has good cold hardiness.  A moderate fall crop is large enough to warrant double cropping.  It is probably the best early season cultivar available for the  northeast.

Mid Season

• Canby* (Oregon) canes are tall, nearly spineless, and moderately productive.  The fruit ripens mid-

season, is medium to large in size, firm, and bright red with excellent flavor.  It has moderate to poor hardiness, and buds may winter kill in cold climates.  It is susceptible to Phytophthora root rot.

• Claudia (KCE-1, University of Maryland, Patent pending) produces stout, upright canes.  The fruit is large and conical with good flavor and ripens mid to late season.  A late fall crop is common.  It has acceptable cold hardiness for most areas.  This is a new release that is relatively untried, but has performed well in Geneva.

• Emily (JAM-1, University of Maryland, Plant Patent #12,350) produces large midseason fruit with good yield potential.  It is susceptible to Phytophthora root rot and has suspect cold hardiness.  This is a new release that is relatively untried and has performed poorly at Geneva.

• Esta (GEL-114, University of Maryland, Patent pending) produces fruit mid to late season that are large and conical with a mild, bland flavor.  It is susceptible to Phytophthora root rot and lacks cold hardiness.  It is resistant to leaf hoppers.  It needs trellising for ease of picking.  This is a new release that is relatively untried.

• Nova (Nova Scotia) is vigorous and upright with long, fruiting laterals.  The canes have very few spines.  The fruit ripens in mid-season and is medium sized, bright red, firm, and somewhat acidic in taste.  It is considered to have better than average shelf life.  The plants are very hardy and appear to resist most common cane diseases, including rust.  It will set a late fall crop.

• Titan* (Cornell University-NYSAES, Plant Patent # 5404) produces large canes with very few spines with suckers that emerge mostly from the crown, so it is slow to spread.  It is susceptible to crown gall and Phytophthora root rot, but is extremely productive.  Fruits ripen mid to late season and are extremely large and dull red, with mild flavor.  Berries are difficult to pick unless fully ripe.  With only fair hardiness, Titan is for moderate climates.  It is resistant to the raspberry aphid vector of mosaic virus complex.

Late Season

• Encore* (Cornell University-NYSAES, Plant Patent #11,746) is one of the latest summer fruiting raspberries available.  It produces large, firm, slightly conical berries with very good, sweet flavor.  The fruit quality is considered very good.  It is moderately susceptible to Phytophthora root rot and has good cold hardiness.

• K81-6 (Nova Scotia) produces canes that are medium tall with spines only at the base.  The fruit is very large with good flavor that ripens very late summer with average firmness.  It is resistant to late yellow rust, but is susceptible to leaf curl virus and raspberry fire blight.  Hardiness is judged adequate for most areas.

Black Raspberries

• Bristol (Cornell University-NYSAES) is vigorous and high yielding for a black raspberry, especially in a newly established planting.  The fruit ripens early and is medium to large and firm, with excellent flavor.  Bristol is hardy for a black raspberry, but should be tested to ensure adequate hardiness.  It is susceptible to anthracnose and raspberry mosaic complex, but is tolerant to powdery mildew.

• Jewel*  (Cornell University-NYSAES) is vigorous, erect, and productive for a black raspberry.  This cultivar appears to be more disease resistant than others and includes resistance to anthracnose.  The fruit is firm, glossy, and flavorful and ripens in mid-season.  This is a hardy black raspberry cultivar.

• Mac Black is new to the scene and has not been tested much.  It is a late season black raspberry with medium large berries.  It is reported to have good cold hardiness for a black raspberry.  Definitely worth a look to extend your black raspberry harvest by 7-10 days.

Purple Raspberries

• Brandywine (Cornell University-NYSAES) produces canes that are very tall with prominent thorns, and suckers grow only from the crown so the plant will not spread.  It is susceptible to crown gall but is partially resistant to many other diseases.  Fruits ripen later than most red cultivars and are large, dull reddish-purple, and can be quite tart.  Berries are best used for processing.  This is a high yielding cultivar.

• Royalty* (Cornell University-NYSAES, Plant Patent #5405) is considered the best purple raspberry available.  The canes are tall and vigorous, with thorns, and are extremely productive.  Royalty is immune to the large raspberry aphid, which decreases the probability of mosaic virus infection, but is susceptible to crown gall.  Fruits ripen late and are large and reddish-purple to dull purple when fully ripe.  Berries tend to be soft but sweet and flavorful when eaten fresh. Excellent for processing.  Hardiness is acceptable for northern growing areas.

Fall Bearing

• Anne (University of Maryland, Plant Patent # 10,411) produces large, conic, pale yellow fruit with very good flavor and texture in mid to late season.  It produces tall upright canes, but does not sucker adequately for good stands.  It is resistant to Phytophthora root rot.

• Autumn Bliss (Great Britain, Plant Patent #6597) is an early ripening raspberry with large, highly flavored fruit.  It ripens 10 to 14 days before Heritage.  Much of the crop is produced within the first two weeks of harvest, which is an advantage in northern climates.  It produces short canes with few spines.  The fruit is somewhat dark.  It is susceptible to raspberry bushy dwarf virus.

• Autumn Britten* (Great Britain) is early ripening with large, firm, good flavored fruit.  It is taller than Autumn Bliss, with better fruit quality but slightly lower yields.  It is a day or two later than Autumn Bliss.

• Caroline* (University of Maryland, Plant Patent # 10,412) is a large, good flavored, conical fruit.  It produces tall upright canes.  The short fruiting laterals can be challenging to pick, but yields are very good for the fall.  It has moderate to good resistance to Phytophthora root rot.

• Goldie (‘Graton Gold’, California Plant Patent #7625) and Kiwigold (New Zealand, Plant Patent #11,313) are nearly identical cultivars.  They are amber sports of Heritage, similar in all characteristics except fruit color.  Fruit blushes pink when fully ripe.  Goldie blushes slightly more than Kiwigold.

• Heritage* (Cornell University-NYSAES) is considered the standard for fall bearing cultivars.  These tall, rugged canes have prominent thorns and are very high yielding.  The primocane crop ripens relatively late.  Fruit is medium-sized and has good color and flavor, firmness, and good freezing quality.  It is resistant to most diseases.  Due to its late ripening, this cultivar is not recommended for regions with cool summers or a short growing season with frost before September 30.

• Josephine (JEF-f1, University of Maryland, Plant Patent #12,173) plants are upright and vigorous.  Fruit is large with average flavor that ripens mid season.  It is resistant to Phytophthora root rot and leafhopper.  This is a new release that is relatively untried.

• Polana (Poland) is a very early season cultivar that ripens 2 weeks before Heritage.  It produces short productive canes with multiple laterals per node.  The fruit is medium-sized with good flavor. It is susceptible to verticillium wilt and Phytophthora root rot.  It needs extra nitrogen to perform well.

• Ruby (Cornell University-NYSAES, Plant Patent #7067) is moderately vigorous with good productivity.  The primocane crop ripens slightly ahead of Heritage.  The fruit is large with a mild flavor.  Ruby is moderately susceptible to Phytophthora root rot.  The cultivar is suggested for fresh market or shipping in areas with longer growing seasons.  It is susceptible to mosaic virus complex and is resistant to late yellow rust and powdery mildew.

Greenhouse Production

• Tulameen* (British Columbia) has been shown to be superior for greenhouse production.  It produces very large fruit and high yields.  The fruit is glossy and firm.  It is resistant to aphid vector of mosaic virus complex.  Plants are not adequately hardy for field production in the Northeast.

                     Blueberry Cultivars

While blueberries are not widely grown in NY, there are regions with suitable soil.  They are more widely grown in other regions in the Northeast.  Blueberries exhibit a wide range of hardiness that must be taken into account when selecting cultivars.

Early Season

• Bluetta* is very hardy, but has small dark berries that are difficult to machine harvest.  The large scar on the berry is also a problem.  Suitable for Zones 3-4.

• Duke* is considered the best early season cultivar available.  The fruit size and quality is very good, but the flavor can be bland if picked late.  It can be machine harvested.  Frost tolerance and winter hardiness is good.  Suitable for Zones 5-6.

Early Mid Season

• Bluejay has high quality fruit that can be machine harvested, but may be less productive than other cultivars.  Suitable for Zones 5-6.

• Northland*, as the name suggests, is very winter hardy.  It is a half-high bush with small, dark, soft fruit.  It is productive, but requires heavy pruning. Suitable for Zones 3-4.

• Patriot is winter hardy but frost sensitive.  It is a smaller bush but still productive.  It must be pruned hard for large fruit.  It must be fully ripe for best flavor.  A recent disease problem resembling virus infection has taken it off the recommend list.

• Spartan produces large, good quality fruit with good flavor.  It can be machine harvested, but it needs cross pollination for good yields and can be difficult to grow in some sites.  Suitable for Zones 5-6.

Mid Season

• Bluecrop* is a commonly planted cultivar in New York.  It has good flavor, fruit size, and firmness.  It has high yield potential.  It is hardy in most of NY and can be machine harvested.  The canes tend to be weepy.  Suitable for Zones 5-6.

• Blueray* is also one of the more widely planted cultivars in New York.  Fruit size is very good with good flavor and high yield potential.  Extra pruning is needed with this spreading bush.  Suitable for Zones 5-6.

• Chippewa* is a very winter hardy cultivar that is productive with large firm fruit.  This half-high bush is relatively new and has not been widely tested.  Suitable for Zones 3-4.

• Sierra is productive and has large firm berries that can be machine harvested.  It is less hardy than other cultivars.  Suitable for Zones 5-6.

• Toro is a productive cultivar with large fruit that ripen uniformly.  The clusters tend to be tight, which makes picking harder.  The canes tend to be too upright and thick.  Competes with Bluecrop, which is probably better.  Suitable for Zones 5-6.

Late Season

• Brigitta is a large, flavorful fruit that stores well.  It is vigorous but can be less hardy because it grows late into the fall.  Excess nitrogen will make this worse.  It is susceptible to phomopsis.  Suitable for Zones 5-6.

• Elliott* is a very late season berry with very good shelf life, 30-45 days in a Modified atmosphere.  The fruit is large and firm but can be tart.  It is a good producer.  Suitable for Zones 5-6.

• Jersey is an old (1928) cultivar that is adapted to a wide soil range.  It has high yields of machine harvested fruit, but the berries are small and soft.  Suitable for Zones 3-6.

• Nelson* is productive with firm, attractive, good flavored fruit that can be machine harvested.  The fruit can hang on the bush for extended periods.  It is a vigorous, hardy bush with wide soil adaptation.  Suitable for Zones 5-6.

New Cultivars

• Aurora is a late season cultivar out of the Michigan State University program.  The plants are vigorous and upright with numerous, moderately branched canes.  The fruit is moderately large with excellent quality.

• Draper is an early mid-season cultivar out of the Michigan State University program.  It has high fresh market quality and prolonged storage life.  The plants are vigorous and upright.  Fruit quality is very good with moderate size.

• Liberty is a very late season cultivar out of the Michigan State University program.  The plants are vigorous and upright with numerous, moderately branched canes.  The fruit is very firm with good flavor.  Storage life is very good.

Margaret Phillips Obituary

Margaret Phillips of Berlin Heights died December 5 at her home.  She had been the sales manager for the A.B. Phillips Fruit Farm since the 1950's.  Previous to that time, she had worked as the Home Demonstration Agent for the Erie County Agricultural Extension Service.

Margaret was an active member of the First Congregational Church of Christ in Berlin Hts. and was the organist for 52 years.  She was also active in the Northwest Ohio Association of the UCC Church.

She is survived by 1 daughter, 4 sons (including Brad), 5 grandchildren, and 1 sister.  Services will be held Sunday, December 12, at the First Congregational Church of Christ in Berlin Hts. at 3:00 p.m. with calling hours from 1:00 p.m. until the time of the service.  Memorial gifts can be made to the music fund of the church, Stein Hospice, or the American Cancer Society.

H-2A Proposed Modifications

Source:  Ohio Farm Bureau Federation Proposed National Policies for 2005

The official policy of the American Farm Bureau Federation has asked for modifications to the Federal immigration policy outlined in H-2A to make it more useful to the nation’s farmers.  Following is the policy adopted on December 3, 2004 by the voting delegation of the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation.  The underlined portions are additions to former policy.

We recommend that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) give farming the appropriate credit for being a significant economic activity for immigration purposes.  Our continuing efforts in this area of immigration policy should stress the following points:

1.)  We support the development of new, multi-sector temporary worker program, which includes agriculture and:

a.) Quickly, simply, and effectively matches willing foreign workers with willing U.S. employers when no Americans can reasonably be found to fill the job opening;

b.) Creates a temporary worker visa that will last 3 years and be renewable;

c.) Provides financial incentives for temporary workers to return workers permanently to their home countries after their period of work in the U.S. has expired;

d.) Requires that the temporary workers pay payroll and social security taxes for which they may receive a benefit, and receive the same workplace protections the law requires for American workers, such as the minimum wage, right to change jobs, due process, and health and safety requirements;

e.) Allows temporary workers to travel freely to and from their home countries, and requires them to return home if they do not remain employed, do not abide by the rules, or break the law; and is open to undocumented workers if in addition to abiding by the rules and returning home after their time ends, they come forward, register, and pay a one-time fee.

2.)  We support the use of the agricultural prevailing wage rather than the adverse effect wage rate in the H-2A program;

3.)  Federal H-2A users should not be subject to the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (MSPA);

4.)  We will oppose any efforts to repeal the open agricultural field search warrant provisions of the 1986 Immigration Reform Act;

5.)  When we have workable legislation that ensures a sufficient supply of farm workers, we will support simplification and replacement of the present document system.

6.)  We support repeal of the employer sanctions clause.  Growers should not be held liable for determining the legal or illegal status of employees;

7. - 15.)  Deals with procedural changes;

16.)  We recognize the need for efforts to protect the security of our homeland.  We believe the following issues are critical to agricultural employers:

a.) The implementation of an effective temporary worker program must come before the introduction of US VISIT to U.S. Land Ports of Entry and the introduction of new workplace enforcement of homeland security measures.

b.) Expansion of US VISIT to U.S. Land Ports of Entry should not necessarily delay the movement of legal workers through the border.

Regulatory compliance assistance and educational efforts should be a critical component of workplace enforcement efforts.

We insist that the Department of Justice and the DHS respect the civil rights and civil liberties of farmers and farm workers in the course of enforcement of immigration law.

Terminal Market Wholesale Fruit Prices - December 8, 2004

Source: Chicago <http://www.ams.usda.gov/mnreports/HX_FV010.txt>

Detroit <http://www.ams.usda.gov/mnreports/DU_FV010.txt>

Pittsburgh <http://www.ams.usda.gov/mnreports/PS_FV010.txt>

The intent of listing terminal market prices is to provide information available in the public domain.  It is not intended for price setting, only to assist growers in evaluating the value of their crops.  Producers need to remember that the prices listed are gross;  consideration must be given to other marketing costs, i.e. commission, handling charge, gate fees, and possible lumper fees.

Preliminary Monthly Climatological Data for Selected Ohio Locations

                                                                 November 2004

                                                                               Temperatures in degrees F, Precipitation in inches.

Table Created by Ted W. Gastier, OSU Extension from National Weather Service Data, OARDC, and local reports

Ted W. Gastier
Extension Agent, Agriculture
Tree Fruit Team Coordinator
Ohio State University Extension Huron County
180 Milan Avenue
Norwalk, OH 44857
Phone: (419)668-8210
FAX: (419)663-4233
E-mail: gastier.1@osu.edu

Copyright © The Ohio State University 2004

All educational programs conducted by Ohio State University Extension are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender, age, disability or Vietnam-era veteran status.

Keith L. Smith, Associate Vice President for Ag. Adm. and Director, OSU Extension.

TDD No. 800-589-8292 (Ohio only) or 614-292-1868

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