In This Issue:
Calendar
Pest Management Surveys
Review of Lorsban® 75WG Label
Nexter® is the New Name for Pyramite®
Calypso® Label Limitation
Marketing for Health: Human Wellness
Pest Phenology & Degree Day Accumulations
International Experience for Dick Funt
Expanded Actara® Label
March 24: North Central Fruit Crops Breakfast, Vanson's Restaurant, Monroeville, OH. Ala Carte Breakfast at 8:00 a.m. followed by Fruit Pest Management presentations in Banquet Room.
June 30: Ohio Fruit Growers Society Summer Tour,OARDC Wooster, OH.
August 19: Ohio Grape Research Day, OARDC, Wooster, OH.
The Integrated Pest Management Program is once again collecting information about pest management practices used by Ohio fruit growers. This year we are collecting information on apples and strawberries. The data will be used to update the existing crop profiles for these commodities. Crop profiles are used by EPA as reliable sources of information about important crop production methods including critical pest management practices and tools. OSU Extension specialists have been handing out these surveys at some of the winter meetings. If you already received a survey and returned it we thank you. If you still have your survey and stamped return envelope, please take a moment to complete the survey and send it in. If you have not yet received a survey and would like to participate or have any questions about the surveys please contact Margaret Huelsman at (614) 688-8431.
The Apple Crop Profile that Margaret is updating can be found at: http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/ohapples.html
the Strawberry Crop Profile at: http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/ohstrawberries.html
Following are label details for Ohio fruit crops for Lorsban 75WG. Gowan will be marketing this product for Dow.
Grapes
Apply Lorsban 75WG just before the pest emerges from the soil. Apply 1.5 quarts of the diluted spray mixture to the soil surface in an 11-square foot area (3.75 ft circle) around the base of each vine.
| Target Pests | Lorsban 75WG (lb/100 gal) |
| grape root borer | 3.0 |
Precautions:
Restrictions:
Strawberries
Soil Application
Apply as a preplant soil incorporated treatment. Apply specified rate in a minimum spray volume of 10 gallons per acre and incorporate into the soil on the day of application using a disc, field cultivator, or equivalent equipment.
| Target Pests | Lorsban75WG (lb/acre) |
| grubs | 2.67 |
Foliar Application
Apply as a broadcast foliar spray when buds first appear and repeat application 10 to 14 days later. Use a minimum spray volume of 40 gallons per acre.
| Target Pests | Lorsban 75WG (lb/acre) |
| strawberry bud weevil | 1.33 |
Precautions:
Lorsban 75WG should not be tank mixed with pesticides, surfactants, or fertilizer formulations unless prior use has shown the combination non-injurious under your current conditions of use. Phytotoxicity may occur when Lorsban 75WG is applied to strawberries under conditions of high temperature and drought stress.
Restrictions:
Tree Fruits (Dormant/Delayed Dormant Sprays)
Worker Restricted Enry Interval: Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted entry interval (REI) of 4 days unless PPE required for early entry is worn.
Apply as a dormant or delayed dormant spray. While Lorsban 75WG may be used without oil, oil is recommended to control additional pests such as European red mite. See precautions for use of oil below. Post-bloom application to apples is prohibited.
Foliar Sprays:
Apply as a concentrate or dilute spray using conventional, power-operated spray equipment. For dilute sprays (greater than 200 gpa), use sufficient spray volume to completely wet free foliage, but not to the point of runoff. For concentrate sprays (less than 200 gpa), uniformly apply a minimum of 1 lb of Lorsban 75WG in the required pray volume. Use higher rate in rate range when there is increased pest pressure.
Apples
| Target Pests | Lorsban 75WG (lb/100 gal) |
| climbing cutworms
European red mite obliquebanded leafroller rosy apple aphid San Jose scale |
0.33 to 0.67
(Use a minimum of 1.0 lb/acre of Lorsban 75WG) |
Cherries, Nectarines, Peaches, Pears, & Plums
| Target Pests | Lorsban 75WG (lb/100 gal) |
| climbing cutworms
European red mite peach twig borer pear psylla adults San Jose scale |
0.33 to 0.67
(Use a minimum of 1.0 lb/acre of Lorsban 75WG) |
Precautions
Recommmendations for Use of Oil
1. In peaches and nectarines, use up to 3% of supreme
oil up to a maximum of 6 gal per acre.
2. In apples, pears, cherries, and plums, refer to
University of California recommendations for the use
of supreme oil.
3. In orchards with high over-wintering populations of
European red mite or San Jose scale, use the higher
spray volumes which allow the use of higher rates of
oil.
4. For use of any additional adjuvant or surfactant, in
addition to or as a substitute for supreme oil, consult
your local Dow AgroSciences representative.
Restrictions:
Tree Fruits and Tree Nuts (Foliar Sprays)
Worker Restricted Entry Interval: Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted entry interval (REI) of 4 days unless PPE required for early entry is worn.
Apply Lorsban 75WG as a foliar spray at the dosages indicated to control pests listed in the following table. Mix the required dosage in sufficient water to ensure thorough and complete coverage of the foliage and crop and apply as a concentrate or dilute spray using conventional, power-operated spray equipment. For dilute sprays applied to tree nut crops, mix the required dosage in sufficient water to allow for spray to runoff. For concentrate sprays, apply an equivalent amount of Lorsban 75WG per acre. Treat when pests appear or in accordance with local conditions. Aerial application may result in less effective insect control because of reduced coverage. Consult your State agricultural experiment station, certified Pest control advisor, or Extension service specialist for specific use information in your area.
Cherries (sour)
| Target Pests | Lorsban 75WG (lb/acre) |
| lesser peachtree borer
peachtree borer San Jose scale stink bug tarnished plant bug |
1.33 to 2.0 |
| cherry fruit fly
plum curculio |
2.0 |
Precautions:
Restrictions:
Tree Fruits and Tree Nuts (Trunk Spray and/or Preplant Dip)
Worker Restricted Entry Interval: Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted entry interval (REI) of 4 days unless PPE required for early entry is worn.
Apply Lorsban 75WG to tree trunks and lower branches using a coarse, low-pressure spray to control pests listed in the following table. Use a higher rate in rate range when there is increased pest pressure. Unless otherwise specified, a second application may be made after 2 weeks and a third application may be made after harvest. Avoid spray contact with foliage in sweet cherries as premature leaf drop may result. Consult your state agricultural experiment station or extension service specialist for proper application timing for your area.
Cherries
| Target Pests | Lorsban 75WG (lb/100 gal) |
| lesser peachtree borer
peachtree borer |
2.0 to 4.0 |
Nectarines & Peaches
| Target Pests | Lorsban 75WG (lb/100 gal) |
| peachtree borers
(1) (2) |
4.0 |
Pest-Specific Use Directions:
1. Preplant Dip Application (Peaches and Nectarines Only). For preplant control of peachtree borer, use Lorsban 75WG at the equivalent application rate of 4 lb per 100 gallons of water. Dip trees several inches above the grafting bud scar and plant immediately or allow them to dry before returning to storage. Do not allow peach trees to remain in contact with the dip solution.
2. For control of peach tree borer in established trees, apply before newly hatched borers enter the tree. Use as a coarse, low-pressure trunk spray and thoroughly wet all bark areas from ground level to scaffold limbs. Do not allow spray to contact fruit. Consult your State agricultural experiment station's or Extension service specialist's written recommendations for proper time to treat in your area.
Restrictions
Nexter® is a selective contact miticide/insecticide that controls pests in apples, apricots, cherries, grapes, nectarines, peaches, pears, and plums.
Nexter Application Rate Table
| Pests Controlled | Rate per Acre |
| European red mite | 4.4 to 5.2 oz. |
| apple rust mite
grape leafhopper (nymphs) pear rust mite |
5.2 to 10.67 oz. |
| pear psylla | 6.6 to 10.67 oz. |
| Pests Suppressed | Rate per Acre |
| apple aphid | 5.2 to 10.67 oz. |
Allow a minimum of 30 days between sequential applications of Nexter in crops that allow more than 1 application per seasson.
Crop-Specific Restrictions and Limitations
| Crop | PHI (days) |
Max. Rate/A/Application (oz) | Max. Applications/Season |
| Apples | 25 | 10.67 | 1 |
| Apricots | 300 | 10.67 | 2 |
| Cherries | 300 | 10.67 | 2 |
| Grapes | 7 | 10.67 | 2 |
| Nectarine | 7 | 10.67 | 2 |
| Peaches | 7 | 10.67 | 2 |
| Pears | 7 | 10.67 | 1 |
| Plums | 7 | 10.67 | 2 |
Crop-Specific Information for Nexter
Apples
Apply Nexter in 100 to 400 gallons of water per acre. Nexter must be applied to each row for maximum coverage. Use the higher rate of Nexter to ensure adequate concentration in mature orchards with dense foliage.
Grapes
Apply Nexter in 50 to 400 gallons of water per acre. Nexter must be applied to each row for maximum coverage. Use the higher rate of Nexter to ensure adequate concentration in mature vineyards with dense foliage.
Pears
Apply Nexter in 100 to 400 gallons of water per acre. Nexter must be applied to each row for maximum coverage. Use the higher rate of Nexter to ensure adequate concentration in mature orchards with dense foliage. Applications may be made early at pink or petal-fall to control eggs, early pear psylla instars and mobile mites. (Nexter is highly toxic to bees. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds while bees are actively visiting the treatment area). Nexter is also effective when applied after petal fall as mite populations begin to build.
Stone Fruits
Apply Nexter in 100 to 400 gallons of water per acre. Nexter must be applied to each row for maximum coverage. Use the higher rate of Nexter to ensure adequate concentration in mature orchards with dense foliage. For best control, pest populations must be building with primarily immature stages present at the time of application. Cherries and apricots are treated after harvest due to a 300-day PHI.
The Pyramite label is available at: http://www.cdms.net/ldat/ld1KH009.pdf if you would like to make comparisons between the 2 products.
Many new labels include a statement concerning endangered species. Under the Endangered Species Act, it is a Federal Offense to use any pesticide in a manner that results in the death of a member of an endangered species. The Calypso label includes this statement: "To protect the Indiana bat, do not apply from one-half hour before dusk to one-half ghour after dawn." The Indiana bat tops the list of Ohio Endangered Species available at the Web site listed above.
One of the best things to happen to agriculture in recent years has been the new interest in consuming fruits and vegetables as a source of human wellness compounds. First recognized as important back in the 1950s as a source of many vitamins, every 20-year study released since then has implicated fruits and vegetables as being an increasingly important source of health. However, it hasn't been until the last 10 years that the specific components of produce have been characterized. In one way, it's been unfortunate that the importance of such stand-bys like vitamin C in fruits have been somewhat overlooked in search of more glamorous compounds like lycopene and procyanidins, but in another way, the overall importance of fruits and vegetables, and especially fresh ones, in the human diet has never been more publicized.
So, what is in fruits and vegetables and why are they so great? Well, besides the well known vitamins and minerals we've all grown up hearing about, there are new compounds that appear to reduce such chronic diseases as cancer and heart disease.
These substances were discounted for many years because they had no nutrient value, but numerous epidemiological studies now show that they may account for many of the puzzling clusters that appear in the data. Epidemiological studies are those where large amounts of data, often from up to 10,000 people at a time, are studied for trends; these studies developed as computers became more sophisticated and capable of handling large amounts of data and complex software became available to do the statistics.
These studies showed that specific populations had increased or decreased risks of diseases, such as prostate cancer of heart attacks. Lifestyle attributes were examined relative to these studies, and in particular diet was analyzed. At first, scientists found that the general intake of fruits and vegetables was higher in people who appeared resistant to diseases. Then, as scientists became more familiar with the make up of these fruits and vegetables, new data emerged. Of the many fruits and vegetables studied, four have received the most publicity. These are broccoli, onions, blueberries, and tomatoes. A list of fruits and vegetables, their vitamins and minerals, and the phytochemicals or human wellness compounds discovered, and their effect on human health are given in Tables 1 and 2.
So, what are the most important compounds? First are the plant pigments. These have great marketing potential as they are easy to see . In fact, the Five a Day Program has adopted this strategy in their eating by color campaign to encourage consumption of more fruits and vegetables. The blue of blueberries, the purple of plums, the green of peppers, and the red of tomatoes are visually appealing and promise consumers a juicy and tasty experience. These compounds include anthocyanins, chlorophyll, and lycopene.
Second are the 'invisible' colors, the flavonols such as quercetin in onions, or lutein in corn. The third category is the sulfer-type compounds, which often impart an odor to cut or cooked vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, onions, and garlic.
How do you take advantage of all this information and use it to market your produce? First consult web sites, especially those of commodity boards. Several commodity boards have helped fund medical studies with their fruit or vegetable, and post these results, especially once published, in easy to understand language.
Once scientific results have been published in peer-reviewed journals, the information can be used by individuals to apply to FDA and FTC for substantiated labeling claims. This is a gray area, as several government agencies regulate claims, especially when used as marketing tools. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) looks for language that is not excessive or erroneous.
For instance, a claim that eggs are cholesterol free will raise eyebrows. In contrast, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) regulates language that makes medical claims. If the same eggs are marketed as lowering cholesterol and preventing heart disease, then the FDA will investigate to see if this claim has been verified scientifically.
One other group regulates language used in labels by commodity boards. The Agriculture Marketing Service (AMS) regulates language used by boards and labels developed by these boards for use by their producers. This language must be approved annually and can be challenged by individuals or other commodity groups at any time.
Sources of information:
American Dietetic Association http://www.eatright.org/
California Dried Plum Board http://www.californiadriedplums.org
California Tomato Commission http://www.tomato.org
Hyson, D. 2002. The health benefits of fruits and vegetables. A scientific overview for health professionals. Produce for Better Health Foundation, Wilmington, DE, 20p.
National Center for Biotechnology Information, including the National Library of Medicine and
National Institutes of Health.
Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
National Center for Complementary and Alternative
Medicine Credible alternative health information from
the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
National Watermelon Promotion Board
http://www.watermelon.org
North American Blueberry Council
http://www.blueberry.org/
Nutrient Data Laboratory Food Composition Data - USDA http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/
Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission http://www.oregon-berries.com/
Produce for Better Health Foundation, 1999. Dietary guidelines: the case for fruits and vegetables first. Produce for Better Health Foundation, Wilmington, DE http://www.5aday.org
Table 1. Constituents of fruits and vegetables that have a positive impact on human health and their sources (adapted from Produce for Better Health Foundation 1999: USDA, 2000 Hyson), to be published in USDA Handbook 66 (Kader, A., Perkins-Veazie, P, Lester, G., 2004).
| Constituent | Sources | Human-wellness affects |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
broccoli, cabbage, cantaloupe, citrus fruit, guava, kiwifruit, leafy greens, pepper, pineapple, potato, strawberry, tomato, watermelon | healthy immune-system, cardio-vascular disease |
| Vitamin A (carotenoids) |
dark-green vegetables (such as collards, spinach, and turnip greens), orange vegetables (such as carrots, pumpkin, and sweet potato), orange-flesh fruits (such as apricot, cantaloupe, mango, nectarine, orange, papaya, peach | night blindness, chronic fatigue, psoriasis, heart disease, stroke, cataracts |
| Vitamin E (tocopherols) |
nuts (such as almonds, cashews nuts, filberts, macadamias, pecans, pistachios, peanuts, hazelnuts and walnuts), corn, dry beans, lentils and chickpeas | heart-disease, LDL-oxidation, immune-system, diabetes, cancer |
| Fiber | most fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts, cooked dry beans and peas | diabetes, heart disease |
| Folate (folicin or folic acid) |
dark-green leafy vegetables (such as spinach, mustard greens, butterhead lettuce, broccoli, brussels sprouts, and okra), legumes (cooked dry beans, lentils, chickpeas and green peas) asparagus | birth defects, cancer, heart disease, nervous system |
| Calcium | cooked vegetables (such as beans, greens, okra, and tomatoes) peas, papaya, raisins, orange, almonds, snap beans, pumpkin, cauliflower, rutabaga | osteoporosis muscular/skeletal, teeth, blood pressure |
| Magnesium | spinach, lentils, okra, potato, nbanana, nuts, corn, cashews | osteoporosis, nervous system, teeth, immune system |
| Potassium | baked potato or sweet potato, banana & plantain, cooked dry beans, cooked greens, dried fruits (such as apricots and prunes), winter (orange) squash, and cantaloupe | hypertension (blood pressure0, stroke, arteriosclerosis |
Table 2. Non-nutritive Plant Constituents Shown to Be Beneficial to Human Health
| Constituent | Compound | Sources | Human-wellness Effects |
| Phenolic Compounds | |||
| Proanthocyanins | tannins | apple, grape, cranberry | cancer |
| Anthocyanidins | cyanidin, malvidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin | red, blue, and purple fruits (such as apple, blackberry, blueberry, cranberry, grape, nectarine, peach, plum & prune, pomegranate, raspberry, and strawberry) | heart disease, cancer initiation, diabetes, cataracts, blood pressure, allergies |
| Flavan-3-ols | epicatechin, epigallocatechin catechin, gallocatechin | apples, apricots, blackberries, plums, raspberries, strawberries | platelet aggregation, cancer |
| Flavonones | hesperetin, naringenin, eriodictyol | citrus (oranges, grapefruit, lemons, limes, tangerines) | cancer |
| Flavones | luteolin, apigenin | celeriac, celery, peppers, rutabaga, parsley, artichoke, guava, pepper | cancer, allergies, heart disease |
| Flavonols | quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, rutin | onions, snap beans, broccoli, cranberry, kale, peppers, lettuce | heart disease, cancer initiation, capillary protectant |
| Phenolic acids | caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, ellagic acid | blackberry, raspberry, strawberry | cancer, cholesterol |
| Carotenoids | |||
| Lycopene | tomato, watermelon, papaya, Brazillian guava, Autumn olive, red grapefruit | cancer, heart disease, male infertility | |
| a-carotene | sweet potatoes, apricots, pumpkin, cantaloupe, green beans, lima beans, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, kale, kiwi, lettuce, peas, spinach, prunes, peaches, mango, papaya, squash, carrots | tumor growth | |
| b-carotene | cantaloupes, carrots, apricots, broccoli, leafy greens (lettuce, swiss chard), persimmon, red pepper, spinach, sweet potato | cancer | |
| xanthophylls | lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin | sweet corn, spinach, corn, okra, cantaloupe, summer squash, turnip greens | macular degeneration |
| monoterpenes | limonene | citrus (grapefruit, tangerine) | cancer |
| sulfur compounds | glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, indoles, allicin, diallyl disulphide | broccoli, brussel sprouts, mustard greens, horseradish, garlic, onions, chives, leeks | cancer, cholesterol, blood pressure, diabetes |
|
Coming Events |
Degree Day Accum. Base 50F |
| Pear psylla adults active | 0 - 49 |
| Pear psylla 1st oviposition | 1 - 72 |
| Redbanded leaf roller 1st catch | 5 - 251 |
| Green fruitworm 1st catch | 9 - 101 |
| Spotted tentiform leafminer 1st catch | 17 - 251 |
| Tarnished plant bug active | 34 - 299 |
Thanks to Scaffolds Fruit Journal (Art Agnello)
| Location | Degree Day Accumulations Base 50 | |
| Actual | Normal | |
| Akron-Canton | 15 | 15 |
| Cincinnati | 26 |
37 |
| Cleveland | 12 | 15 |
| Columbus | 18 | 23 |
| Dayton | 16 | 22 |
| Kingsville | 10 | 10 |
| Mansfield | 10 | 15 |
| Norwalk | 12 | 12 |
| Piketon | 31 | 45 |
| Toledo | 6 | 10 |
| Wooster | 13 | 13 |
| Youngstown | 11 | 12 |
Dick Funt has returned to HC&S after 17 weeks in Armenia last year and 3 weeks in Egypt in January and then 5 more weeks in Armenia. In Armenia, Dick worked with the first USDA project outside of the US and in Egypt with USAID. Essentially these projects have the same objective which is to increase political stability by reducing rural poverty. In both cases he works to improve the Public-Private linkages to work with small farms in remote villages. The purpose then is to follow the food chain and address those links which need improvement to provide a high quality product for export. In Egypt he was the main speaker to address this successful concept that has done so well previously in Armenia. Working in a Team, a report was written to demonstrate the risk involved in high valued crops and the potential for exports to Europe in the "off'"season. The Team interviewed scientists and their projects. They visited villages and noted the progress of NGO's in creating grower associations.
Armenia has 32,700 hectares of fruit. Apricots, peaches and grapes for wine and fresh market are the major crops suited for export to Moscow. Apples, pears, walnuts, persimmon, dates, figs, and berries are found in the local markets as fresh and dried products. This semi-arid region has good soils and climate but infrastructure is in need of improvement. He worked on improving the control of voles, pruning and training of fruit trees and establishing an extension delivery system to reach as many of the 930 villages as possible. He assisted the youth program, special schools who produce, preserve and consume their own fresh fruits and vegetables and advised orphanages in the growing of fruit. With an Armenian Team, the first all day drip irrigation conference was held with over 110 people attending. The main speaker was from Israel. To provide greater assistance, he collaborated with NGO's in Armenia who are actively engaged in providing resources but needed technical assistance in sustaining those resources in the long term. Currently he has written a proposal to assist in the food supply chain in Armenia to export 50 tons of high quality fresh apricots to Moscow this summer as well as develop the same structure for peaches and fresh grapes.
For more information on Armenia, you may wish to read the March issue of National Geographic magazine where a wonderful article has been written.
The Actara® label has been expanded for apples and now also includes stone fruit. Following are label details of interest to Ohio growers:
Apples
| Timing and Target Pests | Rate per Acre Per Application |
| Prebloom:
apple aphid
|
4.5 oz./A |
| Postbloom:
leafhoppers |
2.0 to 2.75 oz./A |
| Postbloom:
apple aphid
|
4.5 to 5.5 oz./A |
Pear
| Timing and Target Pests | Rate per Acre Per Application |
| Prebloom:
pear psylla |
5.5 oz./A |
| Prebloom:
apple aphid |
4.5 to 5.5 oz./A |
| Postbloom:
pear psylla |
5.5 oz./A |
| Postbloom:
apple aphid plum curculio |
4.5 to 5.5 oz./A |
| Postbloom:
leafhoppers |
2.0 to 2.75oz./A |
Stone Fruit ( Apricots, Sweet & Tart Cherries, Nectarine, Peach, & Plum)
| Target Pests | Rate per Acre Per Application |
| leafhoppers | 2.0 to 2.75 oz./A |
| aphids | 3.0 to 4.0 oz./A |
| cherry fruit fly
plum curculio stink bug tarnished plant bug |
4.5 to 5.5 oz./A |
Pollinator Precautions:
Actara is highly toxpc to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops
Ted W. Gastier
Extension Agent, Agriculture
Tree Fruit Team Coordinator
Ohio State University Extension Huron County
180 Milan Avenue
Norwalk, OH 44857
Phone: (419)668-8210
FAX: (419)663-4233
E-mail: gastier.1@osu.edu
Copyright © The Ohio State University 2004
All educational programs conducted by Ohio State University Extension
are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to
race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender,
age, disability or Vietnam-era veteran status.
Keith L. Smith, Associate Vice President for Ag. Adm. and Director,
OSU Extension.
TDD No. 800-589-8292 (Ohio only) or 614-292-1868