In This Issue:
Calendar
Small Fruit News
Nova Fungicide - Section 18 Approval
Sovran Fungicide
Insecticide for Cicada Control
San Jose Scale Update
Fruit Observations
Ohio Apple Scab and Fire Blight Watch - SkyBit Products
Degree Day Accumulations/Phenology
May Climatological Data
June 22 & 23: North Central Horticultural Risk Management Workshop, Marriott Hotel, 305 E. Washington Center Road, Exit 112 off I-69, Fort Wayne, Indiana. The focus of this workshop is "managing the variations in profits and protecting business equity". Contact Ted Gastier for a registration form and additional information.
June 30: 1999 Ohio Fruit Growers Society Annual Summer Tour, Eshleman Fruit Farm, near the intersection of U.S. 20 and St. Rte. 101, Clyde, OH. Tour wagons begin rolling at 8:00 a.m., lunch is at noon, and annual business meeting begins at 1:00 p.m.
July 8: Twilight Summer Fruit School, Lynd's Fruit Farm, Western Licking County, 6:30 - 9:00 p.m. Agenda includes direct marketing, cultivars, & cultural practices. Resource people will be Dick Funt and Mike Ellis. For more information contact Howard Siegrist, (740) 349-6904.
July 21 & 22: Small Fruit Tour, Wooster/Mt. Hope area. Pre-tour gathering begins Wednesday evening at Maurer Farms near Wooster. Included will be demonstrations of weed and disease control, strawberry renovation, drip irrigation, and raspberry plots. Dinner is compliments of the Maurers. Thursday morning the group begins its self-guided, self-driven tour at Farmers' Produce Auction in Mt. Hope. Lunch is on your own. Demonstrations at OARDC in Wooster round out the afternoon, and the day ends at Moreland Fruit Farm near Wooster with a walking tour, discussion, and fruit pies. $5.00 registration fee. For more information contact Mike Pullins at (614) 249-24424.
August 5: Young Grower Tour, northwest Ohio. Designed for, but not limited to, producers and their spouses age 40 and under. More information will follow.
Strawberry growers have or are now applying Slug bait to fields. More slugs have been showing lately, but even the dry weather seemed to produce more than expected. Most fields are showing excellent canopy and lots of berries, but those that lacked irrigation are smaller in size than normal Annapolis, Earliglow and Honeoye are beginning to ripen in the north central region, but bloom on Allstar and Idea indicate that the season has 28 more days of harvest. Now is the time, as school is nearly ended, to tell the consumer that Ohio has good tasting, quality berries for sale at their local pick-your-own farms.
A blueberry grower indicated that tips were dying on blueberry about 75 feet from an oak forest and it appears that cicada are the guilty ones. This has occurred in the last 7 to 10 days.
Most of our peach cultivars in Columbus have reached the fruit size for thinning. Some limbs are already bending from the weight on these 3 to 5 year old trees.
Prelude red raspberry has a few ripe fruit with the first harvest projected for early next week. New York has reported a high level of winter injury, and we have much as well depending on cultivar. As indicated, the winter damage appears to be in the 25% range but could go higher as harvest begins. Cultivar selection becomes important after this season's experience.
Special Note:
As the century comes to a close, it would be good to review the many changes in technology that have occurred; so I ask growers to let us know what was a good cultivar, herbicide, fungicide or insecticide, or what equipment made their business prosper. And currently what do you believe is the latest technology that will help you in the next 10 years?
We received a section 18 emergency exemption registration for use of Nova (myclobutanil) fungicide for control of orange rust on black raspberries and blackberries in Ohio. The label was approved on May 28. Use recommendations on the label read as follows: Apply 4 ounces Nova 40W per acre. Begin application when symptoms of systemic infection first appear during spring (early May), but prior to the release of orange spores (aeciospores) from infected leaves. This must involve an intensive scouting program to detect the presence of infected plants and aeciospore development. Make three applications at 10 to 14 day intervals or until orange spores are no longer present. The remaining three applications should be made in late summer and fall, beginning when temperatures start to decline through October 31.
Application intervals should not exceed 14 days. Restricted Entry Interval (REI): 48 hours. Do not make applications within 1 day of harvest.
Do not make more than 6 applications or apply more than 24 ounces (0.6 lb. active) per acre per year.
Remember that the section 18 label must be in your possession at the time of application. To obtain a copy of the label contact Mike Ellis, at (330) 263-3849. Email address is ellis.7@osu.edu. A section 18 product use form must be completed by all persons that use the section 18 label. I will send a copy of the product use form with the label.
It is getting late to use the fungicide this spring; however, applications at this time should be useful in preventing additional local infections on leaves by the yellow aeciospores. Applications this fall should be useful in controlling systemic infections by basidiospores. Although the disease cycle of orange rust is complicated, it is important that growers develop a basic understanding of the disease cycle in order to effectively use fungicides to control the disease. The disease cycle is available in Extension bulletin 861 Midwest Small Fruit Pest Management Handbook.
A copy can also be obtained from Mike Ellis, and is also available on the world wide web at http://www2.ag.ohio-state.edu/~plantdoc/. This is the department of plant pathology homepage. When you get there, go to the Extension section and look up the fact sheet on orange rust. Also, please contact Mike Ellis if you have questions about the section 18 label or orange rust.
Source: Dr. Mike Ellis, Dept. of Plant Pathology, OARDC
Sovran fungicide (kresoxim-methyl) was recently registered for use on apple, pear, and grapes. Sovran is a product of BASF and has excellent activity against a broad spectrum of fungal plant pathogens. On apple, Sovran is registered for control of scab, powdery mildew, and cedar apple rust. It is also registered for control of summer diseases such as sooty blotch, fly speck, and white rot. On pears it is registered for control of scab and powdery mildew. On grapes it is registered for control of black rot, powdery mildew, and downy mildew.
Sovran is a member of the new class of fungicides called strobilurins. The first strobilurin fungicide to be registered for use in the U.S. was Abound (Azoxystrobin). Abound is currently registered for use on grapes, but was not registered for use on apples due to a phytotoxicity problem on certain varieties of apple. Sovran is similar to Abound in its activity for grape disease control; however, each fungicide has its specific strengths and weaknesses for controlling certain diseases. We will present this information to growers as it becomes available.
The registration of Sovran on apples should be great news for apple growers. Increasing concerns over resistance development in our currently available fungicides for scab and powdery mildew control make the registration of this new class of chemistry especially timely. Sovran will not replace our currently available fungicides, but will probably be used in alternating application programs with them in order to prevent or delay the development of resistant strains of fungi.
Although the scab season should be behind most of us for this year, the use of Sovran this year could be very beneficial for growers that had some primary scab develop and have sporulating lesions in the orchard. One property of this new fungicide is that it is a good antisporulant. It helps prevent spore production in active scab lesions. We really have not had fungicides with good antisporulation activity for many years. If you do have some scab present or are not through primary scab, you should consider the use of Sovran. Next year, Sovran will be available for early season scab control and will be a welcome addition to our arsenal of fungicides for apple disease control.
Cicada populations are reported to be light at many locations within eastern Ohio, but there are pockets of heavy activity. In a previous newsletter, the various insecticides that can be used for control of periodical cicada were discussed. The question has come up of what rate to use, within the wide range of rates given on some labels. Most of the materials that are good at killing cicadas have the unfortunate side effect of killing predatory mites. The decision of what to use for cicada control on apples like red Delicious, which tend to have trouble with European red mite, is thus difficult if protection of predatory mites is desired. If cicada pressure is intense, the only material that is likely to give good control of cicadas, by which we mean prevention of egg-laying scars on small branches, is Asana used at a dilute rate of 2 oz/100 gallons, or the associated concentrate rate from 2 to 8 oz per acre, depending on tree size. If re-invasion of cicadas occurs, up to 3 sprays at 8-day intervals might be needed. When choosing an insecticide, keep in mind that Sevin is a possibility for apples, once it is more than 30 days after bloom; Sevin is not as toxic as Asana to predatory mites.
The crawler stage of San Jose scale is now active in the Columbus area, so now is a good time for an insecticide spray to target this insect in trees where it has been a problem. It is often just a few trees that are infested, so the entire block might not need the treatment. Penncap-M, Lorsban 50W, dimethoate, or diazinon are good materials to target scale crawlers. Crawlers are small, bright yellow, 6-legged insects that walk around on the trees before settling down and beginning to secrete a scale covering. The timing of crawler emergence can be predicted by temperature, as discussed recently in this newsletter; crawlers are expected about 400 degree-days (base 51F) after adult male scales emerged, as detected by a pheromone trap. The prediction can be verified by looking for crawlers. Because they are so small, one way to help see them is to wrap some pieces of black electrical tape, sticky-side out, around several scaffold branches of a tree infested by scale. The bright yellow crawlers show up well on the black tape. On May 26th (282 degree-days, base 51F, after scale flight), we put out some black tape in a tree heavily infested by scale. On May 28th we did not see any crawlers on the tape, but on May 31st there were many crawlers present.
Site: Waterman Farm, Columbus
Source: Dr.Celeste Welty, OSU Extension Entomologist
Apple: 5/26 - 6/2
Peaches:
Apple: 5/26 - 6/01
Peach:
Site: West District; Huron, Ottawa, & Sandusky Counties
Source: Gene Horner, IPM Scout
Apple: 5/26 - 6/01
Peach:
Site: Wayne County
Source: Ron Becker, Program Assistant, Agriculture & IPM, OSU Extension
Apple: 5/27 - 6/2
Peach:
Very little activity found as far as leaf feeding insects. White apple leafhopper and aphids were the only ones found. Some fruit damage from PC, but still very little damage. Strawberries are showing a slight increase in gray mold, one patch having any average of one-half infected berry per square foot. More rust is being found in black raspberries. Fire blight is also being found in several varieties of apples (Jonathans and Idareds). Blueberries are just starting to color.
Site: Licking County
Source: Howard Siegrist, Ag Extension Agent
We are reaching the peak of our strawberry harvest. Potential for abundant apple and peach crops exists. We are still short of adequate moisture.
| Central | North Central | Eastern Highlands | North East | West | ||||||
| Date | apple scab | fire blight | apple scab | fire blight | apple scab | fire blight | apple scab | fire blight | apple scab | fire blight |
| May 15 | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na |
| 16 | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na |
| 17 | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | pi | pi |
| 18 | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi |
| 19 | pi | a,ni | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | a,ni | a,ni | na |
| 20 | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | na |
| 21 | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na |
| 22 | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi |
| 23 | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi |
| 24 | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | a,ni | pi | pi | pi | a,ni |
| 25 | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | a,ni | na |
| 26 | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | na | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | na | a,ni | na |
| 27 | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | na | a,ni | na |
| 28 | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na |
| 29 | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na |
| 30 | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | na | a,ni | pi |
| 31 | pi | pi | pi | pi | a,ni | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi |
| June 1 | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi |
| 2 | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi |
| Based on forecasts | ||||||||||
| 3 | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi |
| 4 | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na | a,ni | na |
| 5 | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni | a,ni |
| 6 | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi |
| 7 | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi |
| 8 | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi |
| 9 | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi | a,ni | pi |
na = not active; a,ni = active but no infection; pi = possible infection & damage
| Actual DD Accumulations
June 2, 1999 |
Forecasted Degree Day Accumulations June 9, 1999 | |||||
| Location | Base 43° F | Base 50° F | Base 43° F | Normal | Base 50° F | Normal |
| Akron - Canton | 917 | 496 | 1107 | 1012 | 637 | 572 |
| Cincinnati | 1212 | 706 | 1427 | 1440 | 849 | 870 |
| Cleveland | 920 | 500 | 1109 | 967 | 640 | 544 |
| Columbus | 1186 | 687 | 1393 | 1183 | 845 | 691 |
| Dayton | 1098 | 617 | 1304 | 1207 | 774 | 715 |
| Elyria | 979 | 560 | 1177 | 1036 | 708 | 595 |
| Fremont | 887 | 502 | 1069 | 968 | 592 | 555 |
| Mansfield | 948 | 523 | 1149 | 993 | 675 | 559 |
| Norwalk | 900 | 488 | 1099 | 953 | 638 | 540 |
| Toledo | 926 | 512 | 1120 | 943 | 657 | 533 |
| Wooster | 989 | 550 | 1185 | 945 | 697 | 519 |
| Youngstown | 875 | 475 | 1047 | 917 | 598 | 503 |
Phenology
| Range of Degree Day Accumulations | ||
| Coming Events | Base 43° F | Base 50° F |
| Codling moth 1st flight peak | 547-1346 | 307-824 |
| San Jose scale 1st flight peak | 581-761 | 308-449 |
| Lesser peachtree borer flight peak | 733-2330 | 392-1526 |
| Peachtree borer 1st catch | 735-1321 | 299-988 |
| European red mite summer egg hatch | 773-938 | 442-582 |
| Oriental fruit moth 1st flight subsides | 781-1574 | 442-1026 |
| Spotted tentiform leafminer 2nd flight begins | 795-1379 | 449-880 |
| Obliquebanded leafroller 1st flight peak catch | 869-1548 | 506-987 |
Thanks to Scaffolds Fruit Journal (Art Agnello)
| Weather Station Location | Monthly Precip | Normal Monthly Precip | Year-to-Date Precip | Normal Year-to-Date Precip | Average High | Normal High | Average Low | Normal Low | Mean Temp. | Normal Mean |
| Akron-Canton | 3.11 | 3.73 | 14.63 | 14.61 | 72.6 | 69.7 | 50.0 | 48.2 | 61.3 | 59.0 |
| Cincinnati | 1.98 | 4.28 | 15.17 | 17.55 | 75.7 | 74.0 | 51.4 | 51.8 | 63.6 | 62.9 |
| Cleveland | 1.54 | 3.49 | 13.08 | 13.77 | 71.8 | 68.6 | 49.7 | 47.3 | 60.8 | 57.9 |
| Columbus | 1.80 | 3.93 | 13.96 | 14.83 | 76.7 | 72.3 | 52.9 | 50.1 | 64.8 | 61.2 |
| Dayton | 1.98 | 3.88 | 15.02 | 15.06 | 75.2 | 72.5 | 52.1 | 51.0 | 63.6 | 61.7 |
| Elyria | 1.53 | 3.60 | 12.63 | 13.42 | 74.6 | 72.4 | 51.1 | 47.9 | 62.9 | 60.2 |
| Fremont | 2.14 | 3.60 | 11.92 | 12.77 | 74.3 | 70.4 | 46.6 | 48.3 | 60.5 | 59.3 |
| Mansfield | 2.72 | 4.35 | 15.76 | 15.29 | 73.1 | 69.3 | 49.5 | 48.3 | 61.3 | 58.8 |
| Norwalk | 1.11 | 3.55 | 13.46 | 13.08 | 71.7 | 69.4 | 50.5 | 47.0 | 61.1 | 58.3 |
| Toledo | 4.93 | 2.91 | 16.06 | 12.01 | 74.3 | 70.5 | 50.8 | 46.7 | 62.6 | 58.6 |
| Wooster | 1.84 | 4.01 | 14.46 | 14.80 | 74.8 | 70.6 | 48.3 | 46.5 | 61.6 | 58.5 |
| Youngstown | 2.82 | 3.52 | 17.00 | 13.85 | 72.9 | 68.7 | 47.0 | 46.2 | 59.9 | 57.5 |
Temperatures in degrees F, Precipitation in inches
Records set: None
Table Created by Ted W. Gastier, OSU Extension from National Weather Service, OARDC & Local Data
Ted W. Gastier
Extension Agent, Agriculture
Tree Fruit Team Coordinator
Ohio State University Extension Huron County
180 Milan Avenue
Norwalk, OH 44857
Phone: (419)668-8210
FAX: (419)663-4233
E-mail: gastier.1@osu.edu
Information presented above and where trade names are used, they are supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by Ohio State University Extension is implied. Although every attempt is made to produce information that is complete, timely, and accurate, the pesticide user bears responsibility of consulting the pesticide label and adhering to those directions.
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Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Keith L. Smith, Director, Ohio State University Extension.
TDD # 1 (800) 589-8292 (Ohio only) or (614) 292-1868